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India > India - Theme 1 > Flashcards

India - Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Indian National Congress initially like?

A

Did not want dominion status or independence
Co-existed alongside the Raj
Mainly compromised of higher caste Hindus/lawers/rich muslims
Rich debating club that frowned upon the methodology of Bal Tilak as borderline terrorism

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2
Q

When was the INC created?

A

1885

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3
Q

What was the Partition of Bengal?

A

Partition based on religion - undone due to conflict and resistance from Indians based on divide and conquer
Trialled and failed partition

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4
Q

What is the Indian Councils Act? (Morley-Minto)

A

1909
First transfer of power to India
Put 60 Indians in council
Seperate electorates for hindus and muslims - direct favouritism to muslims (divide and conquer - alliance)

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5
Q

Why did Britain assert India was not ready for DS or self-rule?

A

Highly volatile religious environment = British divide and conquer

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6
Q

How do Britain maintain power?

A

Illusion of power
Viceroy’s castle
Sepoys
India does not have a government or mass politicisation - kingdoms - politically inexperienced

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7
Q

How did the Princely states co-exist with the Raj?

A

Pay Britain to remain independent - loyal during the FWW by paying for Mortars

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8
Q

Why is it contextually a big question to ask India to contribute to the FWW?

A

Muslims were and enemy before due to war with the Ottoman empire - stayed loyal regardless

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9
Q

How many soldiers did India contribute to the FWW?

A

1.2 million
1/3 Sikh
Contributions alongside volunteers - more Indian volunteers than Scotland, Wales and Northern Island combined

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10
Q

How did India contribute to the FWW?

A

Major taxation and factory work in the country - whole nation contribution
170,000 animals
3.7 million tonnes of supper
Loan equivelent to £2 billion today
Princely states paid for Britain’s tanks and weapons

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11
Q

What is the Defence of Realm Act?

A

August 1914 - DORA
Entire empire
Propaganda
Imprisonment of any anti-war sentiment to stifle the growth of nationalism
Land and resources taken for the war effort
Biggest contribution from any colony - firm support - more Indian volunteers than Scotland, Wales and Northern Island combined

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12
Q

When did the first Indian troops arrive?

A

October 1914 at Ypres
Integral to holding Ypres

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13
Q

What was the Defence of India Act?

A

March 1915 DOIA
Caused widespread aggravation
Nationalist efforts would be imprisoned with no trial and for an indefinite amount of time to quell nationalist uprisings while the war was very rough
Insulting to the ML and INC considering India’s loyalty to the war effort
Caused Home Rule Leagues

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14
Q

When are the Home Rule Leagues created and by whom?

A

April 1916
Established by Annie Besant and Bal Tilak

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15
Q

What did the Home Rule Leagues push for?

A

Dominion status at the earliest convenience and were largely unsatisfied with the current British government

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16
Q

How popular were the Home Rule Leagues and why?

A

Increasingly popular
Grew to 60k in first year
Many members in the INC or positions of power
Accessible group - offered nonviolent approach through pamphlets (Annie Besant) and a radical terroristic approacj (Bal Tilak)

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17
Q

Why were the HRL taken seriously?

A

Midwar timing
Serious threat to the British during 1916 - integral year for supply (Somme) where Britain was reliant on overseas volunteers and support

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18
Q

What was the impact of the HRL?

A

Tilak arrested multiple occasions
Besant became head of the INC for a while in 1917 due to the popularity
Ultimately failed in gaining DS but laid the foundation for future nationalism as Tilak grew ill and old and Besant was appeased by the GOIRA
Heavy impact for if India had not remained loyal during the war - strong power - as big as the INC
Proto-nationalist type for Gandhi
Shows the power of nationalism and collectivism
Impossible for Britain to deal with the numbers they amassed and their methodology - Grassroots organisation of lower-castes and peasants - cant be negotiated with like the rich, student marches

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19
Q

Who/What is the impact of Bal Tilak?

A

‘The Father of Indian Unrest’
First figurehead of grassroots nationalism

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20
Q

When does Montagu become SoS and what his attitude?

A

Montagu becomes SoS for India in July 1916 and expresses a liberal attitude toward their affairs

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21
Q

When was the Lucknow Pact signed?

A

December 1916

22
Q

What was the Lucknow Pact?

A

Signed bond between the INC and ML in India with other nationalist groups. Unified the ML, INC and HRL under a common goal. It serves as the only example of Hindu-Muslim unity.
It demonstrated how representation of each societal section would work when DS in reached, agreeing over seats. It was a message to the British that India was ready for self governance and highlighted Indian Unity. Tilak also signs this.
This is masterminded by Jinnah as the connecting factor

23
Q

Why is 1917 an important year for the FWW?

A

July 1917 is the Battle of Passchendaele. Incredibly difficult period of the war. Indian soldier loyalty showed through

24
Q

What/when is the Montagu Declaration?

A

August 1917
Announces ‘some form of governance at some point in time after the war’
Promised to visit India and talk to nationalists about concerns
Response to the Lucknow Pact to keep them united in fighting for a reward due to Passchendaele

25
Q

What was the impact of the Montagu Declaration?

A

Set India up for immense disappointment as the nation is fully expecting Dominion Status (despite Montagu wording the Declaration vaguely as to not name DS - deliberate = the actual reward is not satisfying at all)

26
Q

What/when is the Montagu-Chelmsford report?

A

July 1918 - first draft of GOIA
Montagu (as promised) visits India
Report published 17 months after being written - acting late without priority. Acting earlier may have prevented many issues

27
Q

What was the situation in India after the FWW?

A

Spanish Influenza widespread
Unemployment after war industry ends
Famine due to taken food reserves
Rioting and chaos
Mortality rate rose due to Agricultural problems
Mass disappointment

28
Q

What/when were the Rowlatt Acts?

A

19 March 1919
Awakens India to the fact there is no reward/DS
Due to descent into local rioting and violence, the British implemented the Rowlatt Acts in fear of a potential uprising - emergency wartime law which allowed all suspected revolutionary action to be repressed (like DOIA)
Power to imprison indefinitely and without trial

29
Q

What is the impact and reception of the Rowlatt Acts?

A

Big mistake and a horrible way to treat a nation that had sacrificed so much for the FWW. Britain chose repression instead of aid or help where they should have (though undergoing the reconstruction themselves)

30
Q

How did the Indian Civil Service react to the Rowlatt Acts?

A

Most of the Indian Civil Service resigned so did those from the Indian Councils Act, including Jinnah
Key turning point for Anglo-Indian relations

31
Q

When is Gandhi’s first Satyagraha?

A

30 March 1919 for 1 week

32
Q

Why is Gandhi’s first Satyagraha successful?

A

Holds his first Satyagraha in Punjab, Amritsar as it is the business and trade capital with many British headquarters and businesses
Co-ordinates successful hartal (strike, boycott)
Workers abstained for 7 days and Gandhi led a peaceful and nonviolent successful protest that instilled his ideas

33
Q

Why/when was Gandhi arrested after his first Satyagraha?

A

9 April
Arrested for planning a protest

34
Q

Why was there chaos after Gandhi was arrested in 1919?

A

Much uproar as the protest was non-violent
India was still given no gratitude or reward, just arrests and suppression

35
Q

What happened 10th April 1919?

A

Mass riots in Punjab - 30k partake
Damage Government buildings, shops, infastructure
9 deaths in total, 3 British
Attack on Marcia Sherwood, British volunteer medic who was then assisted by Hindus but used as propaganda and justification
Governor of Punjab, Michael O’Dwyer requested military assistance to ‘restore order’ to the province, fearing his own life

36
Q

What happens on the 11th April 1919?

A

General Dyer arrives
Day of calm

37
Q

What happens on the 12th April 1919?

A

Dyer arrives in Amritsar
Orders proclamations/announcements:
Curfew past 9pm
Groups over 3 prohibited
Nationalist speeches prohibited
Done all over the city but only announced by ear on the street and did not have time to spread
Declares them out on streets in English
Dyer feels that he has been clear

38
Q

When is the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and why is it relevant?

A

13th April 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holy Sikh temple
Many people, primarily Sikhs, come to Amritsar for the spring festival of Baisakhi Day. Many Sikhs there have not heard Dyer’s proclamation

39
Q

What were the events in Jallianwala Bagh?

A

Significant crowds gathered outside the holy golden temple in the garden behind it with 1 small door entrance. Nationalists were present and tried to use this event to get past the no gatherings rule, believing the British would allow the festival.
Dyer blocked the narrow entrance and began fire without any warning with sepoys
Dyer left leaving no medical provisions

40
Q

What are the stats for the Amritsar Massacre?

A

13 April 1919
379 killed
1519 casualties
1650 bullets fired for 10 consecutive minutes until their ammunition was spent

41
Q

What did Dyer admit to having used at Amritsar?

A

In the Hunter Commission, he expressed he would have used the machine gun or armoured car if he could have fit it through the entrance. He also admitted ordering people to shoot at people pretending to have been shot

42
Q

Why was the Amritsar Massacre particularly devastating?

A

Sikhs had a tremendous war contribution

43
Q

What was the impact of Amritsar on nationalism?

A

Catalysed Gandhi’s new protests by changing his outlook
One of the main rives of Indian nationalism increasing in the 1920s
Demonstrated Britain’s lack of respect as it took place only 6 months after the FWW

44
Q

What happened on the 15th of April 1919?

A

Dyer declares martial law to stop the spread of the news of the massacre
City put into lockdown
Bicycles taken and trains stopped so nobody could travel
Dyer and British were afraid that if the news spread there would be riots

45
Q

What happens on the 19th April 1919?

A

Dyer introduces the Crawling Order as a further punishment for the Indian riots that occurred before the massacre
Anyone on the street Marcia Sherwood was attacked on will be forced to crawl
In total 50 Indians were made to do so

46
Q

When was the Hunter Commission?

A

29th October 1919

47
Q

What did the Hunter Commission conclude?

A

Dyer had been overzealous in his actions and shouldn’t have carried out the attack
He is pushed into honourable discharge

48
Q

How did the public react to Dyer in the UK?

A

Celebrated
Given donations and fundraisers
Awards
Esteemed
Daily Mail raise money and golden sword

49
Q

How did the UK government respond to Amritsar?

A

No official response
Lords supported, Commons condemned, Liberal PM didn’t care

50
Q

What was the Government of India Act?

A

23 December
Establishes Dyarchy in the Raj
Too little too late as a reward
Big transfer of power
Extended voting rights for wealthy Indians and soldiers
Degree of domestic control for India (Agriculture, Local self-government, healthcare, education) but Britain kept important aspects
Indian representatives in council increased
Far from DS that was promised
Timing seemed insulting
Disappointment also the cause of rising nationalism

51
Q

What was the impact of Amritsar on the INC?

A

Growth in membership from 40k to 2 million

India (4 decks)

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