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Indian Languages and Literature Flashcards

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1
Q

Ashtadhyayi

A
  1. Written by Panini, a Sanskrit grammarian
  2. Analysed word formation in Sanskrit
  3. Descriptive grammar
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2
Q

Mahavastu

A
  1. Sanskrit Text
  2. Collection of stories
  3. Hinayana Buddhism
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3
Q

Lalitavistara, Buddhacarita

A
  1. Mahayana Buddhism
  2. Sacred text in Sanskrit
  3. Buddhacarita by Ashvaghosa used text from Lalitavistara
  4. Life of Buddha from descent to first sermon
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4
Q

Rajataringini

A

Sanskrit text
Written by Kalhan
Description of kings of kashmir

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5
Q

Jonaraja

A

Sanskrit text
Glories of Prithviraj

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6
Q

kalidasa

A

Plays and Poems in Sanskrit
Poems
- Meghaduta
- Ritusambara
- Kumar Sambhavam
- Raghuvamsha
Plays
- Abhijanam Shakuntalam
- vikramorvashi
- Malvikaganimithram

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7
Q

Shudraka

A

Mricchakatika or The little clay cart
10 act sanskrit drama
Throws light on life of peasants and others by including them as characters
Deviates from Natya shastra principles which says plays should focus on nobilities

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8
Q

Bhasa

A

Bhasa was an ancient poet
Swapna Vasavadattam is a play about love between vatsa king udyana and vasavadatta

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9
Q

Sri Harsha

A

Ratnavali
Sanskrit Play
Story of Udyanan and Ratnavali

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10
Q

Chanakya

A

Arthashstra

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11
Q

Kamasutra

A

Vatsyayana

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12
Q

Pampa

A
  1. Kannada Poet of 10th century
  2. Arikesari was his patron prince
  3. His writings have long inscription form
  4. Historical narrative of Mahabharata
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13
Q

Harihara

A

Bhakti Poet
Monotonous form Most likely the result of oral tradition

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14
Q

Kumarvyasa

A

Bhakti Poet
Re telling of Mahabharata in Kannada
Poetry belongs to a society of oral tradition

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15
Q

4 vedas

A

Rig
Yajur
Sama
Atharva
Each Veda consists of Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas
Atharva Veda incorporated later

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16
Q

Traji

A

Rig Sama and Yajur collectively

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17
Q

Rig Veda

A

Earliest Veda
1028 hymns
Vedic Sanskrit
Nature of Hymns
Well known Rishis
- Vasishta Gautama gritasmada vamadeva Vishvamitra Atri
Prominent Gods
- Indra, Agni, Varun, Rudra, Aditya, Vayu, Aditi, Ashwini Twins
Prominent Goddesses
- Usha goddess of dawn
- Vak goddess of speech
- Prithvi goddess of earth
Provides knowledge of social political and economic condition of ancient India

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18
Q

Yajur Veda

A

Yajur means sacrifice or worship
Rites and Mantras for different sacrifices
Directions for performance of Yajnas
Poetic and Prose renderings
Two major branches
- Shukla : Vajasaneyi Samhita
- Krishna : Taitriya Samhita

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19
Q

Sama Veda

A

Sama means melody or songs
16000 ragas and Ragini or musical notes
1875 verses - 75 original while others from rig Veda
Book of chants or saman
Linked to development of music during the period

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20
Q

Atharva Veda

A

AKA brahma Veda
Treatment of 99 diseases
Source - rishis atharva and angiras
Religious ideas at early period of civilisation
Two branches
- Paippalada
- Saunaka
Detailed info in family social and political life of later Vedic period

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21
Q

Ritual, Etymology, Metrics, Astronomy

A

Kalpa, Nirukta, Chanda, Jyotisha

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22
Q

Brahmanas

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A

Developed after 4 vedas
Detailed explanation of Vedic rituals and instructions and deal with a science of sacrifice

23
Q

Aranyakas

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A

Later portion of brahmanas
Deal with soul births and death and life beyond it
Studied and taught by vanapratha that were munis and inhabitants living inside forest

24
Q

Upanishads

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A

Later part of Aranyakas
Derived from words upa meaning nearby and Nishad to sit down
Guru shishya parampara
Culmination of Indian thought and are final parts of vedas
Abstract and difficult discussions of ultimate physical problems
More than 200 upanishads known
Mukti ka gives a list of 108 upanishad

25
Brahmanas of rig Veda
Kaushitki and Aitreya
26
Krishna Yajur Veda Brahmana Shukla Yajur Veda Brahmana
Taitteriya Shatpath
27
Atharva Veda Brahmana
Tandav Panchvish Jaimaniya
28
Earliest upanishad
Brihadaranyaka Sukla Yajur Veda Chand yogya sama veda
29
Important upanishad
Aitareya Kena Katha
30
Ramayana
AKA Aadikavya Valmiki Adi Kavi Presents a picture of an ideal society Sanskrit Several renderings in different Indian languages
31
Mahabharat
Written by Ved Vyas Originally Jaya or a collection dealing with victory written in Sanskrit with 8800 verses Raised to 10000 called Bharatha Final compilation of 100000 came to be known as Mahabharatha Contains Bhagvan Gita
32
Puranas
18 in total And same in number upapuranas Some well known puranas - Brahma, Bhagvat, Padma, Vishnu, Vayu, Agni, Matsya and Garuda Origin - Buddhism was gaining importance Mythological works which propagate religious and spiritual messages through parables and fables Earliest Puranas during Gupta Empire Contain important geographical information and histories Mysteries of creation re creation and dynastic genealogies
33
Amarasimha
Sanskrit Lexicographer
34
Tripitakas
Canonical Literature (Sacred) Vinaya Pitaka - Rules and regulations of daily life Sutta Pitaka - Dialogues and Discourses on morality and deals with dharma Abhidhamma Pitaka - Philosophy and Metaphysics - Discourses in various subjects such as ethics psychology theories of knowledge and metaphysical problems
35
Jatakas
Non Canonical Literature Stories on previous births of Buddha Invaluable light in social and economic conditions ranging from 6th century BC to 2nd century BC.
36
Jain Texts
Written in Prakrit Angas Upangas prakirnan Chhedab sutras malasutras Compiled 6th century AD Valabhi, Gujarat Reconstruct political history of eastern UP and Bihar Repeatedly refer to trade and traders
37
Law Books
Dharmasutras and Smritis together known as Dharmashashtras 500 to 200 BC Duties for different varnas as well as for kings and their officials Rules for holding selling and inheritance of property Punishments for assault murder adultery
38
Manusmriti
Role of man and woman in society Code of conduct and relationship
39
Visakhdutta
Playwriter Plays - Mudra Rakshas - Dev Chandra Gupta
40
Harisena
Amongst great poets and play writers of Gupta Period Poems praising valour of Samudra Gupta Inscribed in Allahabad Pillar
41
Ashvaghosha
Buddhacharitra Biography of Buddha Saundarnanda Sanskrit Poetry Patronised by Kushana Kings
42
Charak
Books on medicine
43
Sushruta
Books in surgery
44
Madhava
Book on Pathology
45
Varahamihira
Books on astronomy
46
Aryabhatta
Books on astronomy
47
Astrology Books
Lagdhacharya
48
Somadeva
Kathasaritsagar
49
Jaidev
Geet Govinda finest Poems of Sanskrit
50
Machana Somanatha
Court Poet of Bukka 1 Poem Uttaraharivamsam
51
Krishnadevaraya
Poet of great merit Telugu Literature Amukta Malyada : Excellent prabandha in Telugu Literature
52
Ashtadiggajas
Eight Telugu literary luminaries Among them -Allasani Peddana - Author of Manucharitram was the greatest - Andhra Kavitapitamaha Other seven poets - Nandi Timmana : - Author of Parijathapaharanam - Madayagari Mallana — Rajashekharacharitra war and lives of Rajashekhara King of Avanti - Dhurjati —devotee of Shiva —two poems Kalahasteeswara Mahatmayam, Kalahasteeswara Satakam - Ayyalaraju Ramanhadra Kavi — Author if Rambhyudayam Sakalakathasara Sangraham - Pingali Surana —Raghavpandaviyam : Mahabharat and Ramayan together —Kalapuranodayam - Ramaraja Bhushana — Vasucjaritram — also known as Bhattumurti — Narasabhupaliyam — Harishchandra Nalopakhyanam - Tenali Ramakrishna —Court Jester — Practical Jokes in high placed men — Panduranga Mahatmayam (poem)
53
Madhava
Jain scholar Dharmanathapurana ( on 15 th Tirthankara) Kannada lit
54
Uritta Vilasa
Dharma Parikshe Kannada

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