Indications, Examples and MOA Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
What is activated charcoal used for?
A
Poisoning and overdose
2
Q
What is N-acetylcysteine indicated for?
A
Contrast Nephropathy
Overdose - especially paracetamol
Poisoning
Respiratory Secretions
3
Q
How is N-acetylcysteine administered?
A
IV infusion
4
Q
How is activated charcoal administered?
A
PO
5
Q
What is the mechanism of action of activated charcoal?
A
It adsorbs to toxins in the GI tract, resulting in the reduction of absorption of poisons systemically
6
Q
When is adenosine indicated?
A
Treating supraventricular tachycardia
7
Q
How is adenosine administered?
A
By rapid IV injection (bolus).
8
Q
Wat is the mechanism of action of adenosine?
A
it interrupts AV node and resets it to sinus rhythm - causes brief asystole and bradycardia then returns to normal (as it is metabolised quickly)
9
Q
What are the contraindications for adenosine?
A
AF, FLUTTER, asthma, COPD, HF, long QT syndrome
10
Q
When is adrenaline indicated?
A
Anaphylaxis
Cardiac Arrest
Mucosal Bleeding - for non-variceal upper GI bleeds
Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia
11
Q
What is the mechanism of action for adrenaline in stopping mucosal bleeds?
A
It causes vasoconstriction by binding to alpha receptors, limiting blood flow to the bleeding artery
12
Q
What is the mechanism of action for adrenaline in anaphylaxis?
A
It causes vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, counteracting the widespread vasodilation and vascular permeability seen in anaphylaxis. This reduces the loss of intravascular fluid and the subsequent hypotension.
13
Q
What are aldosterone antagonists indicated for?
A
Ascites
Heart failure
Hyperaldosteronism
14
Q
What are some examples of aldosterone antagonists?
A
Spironolactone
Epleronone
15
Q
What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?
A
They block the action of aldosterone, which increases sodium excretion and potassium retention by the principal cells of the kidney. Water follows sodium to be excreted, resulting in a diuretic effect.
16
Q
What are alginates / antacids indicated for?
A
Dyspepsia and GORD
16
Q
What is nefopam indicated for?
A
Moderate pain
17
Q
What are some examples of antacids/alginates?
A
Gaviscon, Peptac
18
Q
What is the mechanism of antacids?
A
They inhibit pepsin (which digests proteins) and neutralise hydrochloric acid, increasing stomach pH
19
Q
What is the mechanism of action of alginates?
A
They react with the gastric acid to form a layer on top of the stomach contents, forming a mechanical barrier that prevents reflex into the oesophagus
20
Q
What is allopurinol indicated for?
A
Chemotherapy (tumour lysis syndrome)
Prophylaxis of recurrent gout (hyperuricaemia) - if they have more than 2 attack a year or tophi
21
Q
What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?
A
It inhibits the xanthine oxidase enzyme, preventing hypoxanthine conversion to uric acid and crystal formation
22
Q
What are the indications for alpha blockers?
A
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Hypertension (not first line)
23
Q
What are some examples of alpha blockers?
A
Doxazocin
Tamsulosin
24
What is the mechanism of action of alpha blockers in BPH?
They relax smooth muscle and tone in the inner urethral sphincter in the bladder neck to aid voiding, with rapid improvement in symptoms
25
What is the mechanism of action of alpha blockers in hypertension
Prevent adrenaline binding to alpha 1 receptors in arterial walls, leading to vasodilation
26
What are aminoglycosides indicated for?
Endocarditis
Pyelonephritis
Sepsis (incl intra-abdominal)
27
What are some examples of aminoglycosides?
Gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin
28
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
Inhibit peptide synthesis
29
What are aminosalycilates indicated for?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ulcerative Colitis (maintaining remission in mild cases)
30
What are some examples of aminosalycilates
Mesalazine
Sulfasalazine
31
What is amiodarone indicated for?
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Cardiac Arrest
Supraventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia
32
What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?
It blocks potassium currents that cause repolarization of the heart muscle during the third phase of the cardiac action potential. As a result amiodarone increases the duration of the action potential as well as the effective refractory period for cardiac cells (myocytes)
33
What are ACE inhibitors indicated for?
Acute coronary syndrome
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Heart failure
Hypertension (1st line in people <55 who are not of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity)
Ischaemic heart disease
34
What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?
Ramipril
Lisinopril
Perindopril
35
What is the mechanism of action of ramipril/ACE inhibitors?
It is a competitive inhibitor of ACE. This prevents ACE from generating angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1, which prevents vasoconstriction and reduces aldosterone secretion
36
What are angiotensin receptor blockers indicated for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Heart failure
Hypertension
Ischaemic heart disease
37
What are some examples of ARBs?
Candesartan
Losartan
Irbesartan
38
What is the mechanism of action of ARBs?
They prevent angiotensin 2 from binding to AT receptor 1, leading to a reduction in aldosterone release and an increase in vasodilation
39
What are SSRIs indicated for?
Anxiety
Depression
OCD
(Antidepressants)
39
What are some examples of SSRIs?
Fluoxetine
Citalopram
Sertraline
40
What are tricyclic antidepressants indicated for?
Depression
Neuropathic Pain
41
What are some examples of tricyclic antidepressants?
Amitriptyline
Lofepramine
42
What are venlafaxine and mirtazapine indicated for? (Velafaxine is a SNRI and mirtazapine is its own thing)
Anxiety incl. Generalised anxiety disorder
Depression
43
What are dopamine D2 receptor antagonists indicated for?
They're antiemetics - N&V
44
What are some examples of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists? (antiemetics)
Metoclopramide
Domperidone
45
What are histamine H1 receptor antagonists indicated for?
Nausea and Vomiting
46
What are some examples of histamine H1 receptor antagonists? (antiemetics)
Cyclizine
Cinnarizine
Promethazine
47
What are phenothiazines indicated for?
Agitation, psychomotor
Nausea and Vomiting
48
What are some examples of phenothiazines? (antiemetics but can also be first gen antipsychotics)
Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine
49
What are serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists indicated for?
Chemotherapy
Nausea and Vomiting
Panic disorders
50
What are some examples of serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists (antiemetics)
Ondansetron
Granisetron
51
What are some examples of antifungals?
Miconazole
Fluconazole
Clotrimazole
Nystatin
52
What are antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) indicated for?
Allergy
Hay fever (seasonal rhinitis)
Pruritus
Urticaria
53
What are some examples of H1 receptor antagonists used for treating allergies??
Chlorphenamine
Cetirizine
Loratadine
54
What is the mechanism of action of H1 receptor antagonists? (antihistamines)
They competitively inhibit histamine binding to H1 receptors, preventing the vasodilator effect of histamine to prevent oedema
55
What are antimotility drugs indicated for?
Diarrhoea
55
What are some examples of antimotility drugs?
Loperamide
Codeine phosphate
56
What is the mechanism of action of anti-muscarinic bronchodilators?
They block acetylcholine from acting on muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and improved airflow
56
What are anti-muscarinic bronchodilators indicated for?
Asthma
COPD
57
What are some examples of anti-muscarinic bronchodilators?
Ipratropium bromide
Tiotropium
58
What are antimuscarinics indicated for in a cardiovascular/GI/resp context?
Bradycardia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Respiratory secretions
59
What are some examples of antimuscarinics used for the cardiovascular and GI systems?
Atropine - reversal of bradycardia following MI/BB use etc
Hyoscine butylbromide - IBS, acute GI smooth muscle spasm (buscopan)
Glycopyrronium bromide - for bradycardia, severe dribbling, hyperhidrosis etc
60
What are antimuscarinics indicated for in a genitourinary context?
Urinary incontinence
61
What are some examples of antimuscarinics used for the genitourinary systems and what are their indications?
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Solifenacin
For frequency, urgency and incontinence
62
What is the mechanism of action of antimuscarinics used for urinary incontinence?
They inhibit the parasympathetic transmission that drives detrusor contraction by inhibiting ACh release and binding to muscarinic receptors at post synaptic neurons
63
What are first-gen typical antipsychotics used for?
Agitation, psychomotor
Bipolar Disorder
Nausea and Vomiting
Schizophrenia
64
What are some examples of first-gen typical antipsychotics?
Haloperidol
Chlorpromazine (also an antiemetic)
Prochlorperazine (also an antiemetic)
65
What are second-gen atypical antipsychotics used for?
Agitation, psychomotor symptoms
Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia
66
What are some examples of second-gen atypical antipsychotics?
Quetiapine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Clozapine
67
What is aspirin indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Fever
Ischaemic heart Disease
Pain
Peripheral arterial disease
Stroke
High dose for Kawasaki’s
68
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
COX 1/2 inhibitor - reduces prostaglandin synthesis including thromboxane, which reduces platelet aggregation and also acts as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic
69
What are benzodiazepines indicated for?
Alcohol Withdrawl
Anxiety
Status Epilepticus
Insomnia
Poisoning
Sedation
70
What are some examples of benzodiazepines?
Diazepam (rectal, status epilepticus in community)
Midazolam (buccal, status epilepticus in community)
Temazepam
Lorazepam (status epilepticus in hospital)
Chlordiazepoxide (anxiety and alcohol withdrawal)
71
What are B2 agonists indicated for?
Asthma
COPD
Hyperkalaemia
72
What are some examples of B2 agonists?
Salbutamol
Sameterol
Terbutaline
73
What is the mechanism of action of B2 agonists in respiratory diseases?
Binds to and agonises B2 receptors in the bronchial SM ⇒ relaxation of SM ⇒ bronchodilation ⇒ improved obstruction
74
What are beta blockers indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Angina
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Heart Failure
Hypertension
Ischaemic heart Disease
Supraventricular tachycardia
Anxiety
75
What are some examples of beta blockers?
Bisoprolol
Atenolol
Propranolol
Metoprolol
76
What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers?
They prevent adrenaline binding to beta 1 receptors on the heart ⇒ reduce contractility, slow the HR and reduce CO
77
What are bisphosphonates indicated for?
Bone Metastases
Hypercalcaemia of malignancy
Osteoporosis
78
What are some examples of bisphosphonates?
Alendronic acid (alendronate)
Zolendronic acid
Risedronate
Disodium Pamidronate
79
What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?
Inhibit osteoclasts to prevent resorption of bone
80
What are calcium and vitamin D indicated for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypocalcaemia
Osteoporosis
Vitamin D Deficiency
Myeloma / bony mets
81
What are some examples of calcium and vitamin D supplements?
Adcal-D3
Colecalciferol
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Gluconate
Alfacalcidol
82
What are calcium channel blockers indicated for?
Angina
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Hypertension
Supraventricular tachycardia
Reynaud’s (nifedipine)
83
What are some examples of CCBs?
Amlodipine
Verapamil
Nifedipine
Diltiazem
84
What is the mechanism of action of CCBs?
They block L type Ca2+ channels on the heart to slow contraction and reduce CO
85
What is carbamazepine indicated for?
Bipolar Disorder
Epilepsy, focal
Trigeminal neuralgia
86
What are cephalosporins and carbapenems indicated for?
Infection (complex)
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Urinary tract Infection
87
What are some examples of cephalosporins and carbapenems?
Cefalexin
Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Meropenem
88
What is clopidogrel indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Ischaemic heart Disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Stroke
89
What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?
Anti-platelet (PTY12 inhibitor): platelets release ADP and bind to PTY12 receptors ⇒ amplifies platelet response ⇒ inhibiting these receptors prevents amplification of platelet response ⇒ reduced risk off occlusion
90
What are compound inhalers (B2 antagonist and steroid) indicated for?
Asthma, COPD, inflammation?
91
What are some examples of compound inhalers?
Seretide
Symbicort
92
What are inhaled corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) indicated for?
Asthma, COPD, inflammation
93
What are some examples of inhaled corticosteroids (glucocorticoids)
Beclomethasone
Fluticasone
Budesonide
94
What are systemic corticosteroids indicated for?
Addisons Disease
Adrenal Insufficiency
Allergy
Anaphylaxis
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Chemotherapy
Hypopituitarism
Inflammation
95
What are some examples of systemic corticosteroids?
Prednisolone
Hydrocortisone
Dexamethasone
96
What are topical corticosteroids indicated for?
Eczema
97
What are some examples of topical corticosteroids?
Hydrocortisone
Beclometasone
Betamethasone
Clobetazone
98
What is digoxin indicated for?
AF, flutter, HF
99
What is dipyridamole indicated for?
Myocardial Perfusion Scan
Stroke (second line for aspirin)
100
What are loop diuretics indicated for?
Ascites
Breathlessness
Heart failure
Oedema (incl pulmonary)
101
What are some examples of loop diuretics?
Furosemide
Bumetanide
102
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
They act on loop of Henle to increase Na+ loss by inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl carrier ⇒ increased water loss
103
What are potassium sparing diuretics indicated for?
Hypokalaemia
104
What is an example of a potassium sparing diuretic?
Amiloride, epleronone, spironolactone
105
What is the mechanism of action of K+ sparing diuretics (aldosterone antagonists)?
They act on RAAS to inhibit aldosterone, leading to Na+ loss (causing water loss by default) and maintain K+
106
What are thiazide diuretics indicated for?
Hypertension
Oedema
107
What are some examples of thiazide diuretics?
Bendroflumethiazide
Indapamide
108
What is the mechanism of action of thiazides?
They block sodium and chloride (Na/Cl) channels in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron and inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water
109
What are some examples of dopaminergic drugs for Parkinson's?
Levodopa (as co-beneldopa or co-careldopa)
Ropinirole
Pramipexole
110
What are emollients indicated for?
Dry Skin
Eczema
Psoriasis
111
What are some examples of emollients?
E45
Zerobase
Liquid Paraffin
112
What are fibrinolytics indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Ischaemic heart Disease
Pulmonary Embolism
Stroke
Venous thromboembolism treatment
113
What are some examples of fibrinolytics?
Alteplase
Reteplase
114
What is the mechanism of action of fibrinolytics like alteplase?
It's a tissue plasminogen activator - converts plasminogen to the proteolytic enzyme plasmin, which lyses fibrin as well as fibrinogen and breaks down clots
115
How should alteplase be administered in stroke?
IV infusion, given within 4.5 of onset
116
What are gabapentin and pregabalin indicated for?
Anxiety incl generalised anxiety disorder
Epilepsy, focal
Migraine
Neuropathic Pain
117
What are H2-receptor antagonists indicated for?
Dyspepsia
GORD
Peptic Ulcer Disease
118
What are some examples of H2 receptor antagonists?
Ranitidine, famotidine
119
What is the mechanism of action of H2 receptor antagonists?
They cause competitive inhibition of H2 receptors on the gastric parietal cells, reducing H+ secretion
120
What are heparin and fondaparinux indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
Venous Thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment
121
What are some examples of heparin/fondaparinux?
Tinzaparin
Enoxaparin
Dalteparin
Fondaparinux
Unfractionated heparin
122
What is the mechanism of action of heparin/fondaparinux?
Anti-thrombin action, due to inhibition of factor Xa
123
What is insulin indicated for?
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome
Hyperkalaemia
124
What is the mechanism of action of insulin in hyperkalaemia?
Insulin shifts potassium into cells by stimulating the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter on the cell membrane ⇒ Na+ enters cells ⇒ triggers Na+/K+ ATPase in the skeletal muscle ⇒ causes an influx of K+ into cells ⇒ reduction in serum K+.
125
What are ferrous sulphate/fumarate indicated for?
Anaemia
126
What are bulk forming laxatives indicated for?
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Impaction
127
What are some examples of bulk forming laxatives?
Ispaghula husk
Methylcellulose
128
What is the mechanism of action of bulk forming laxatives?
They increase fluid retention in the stool, resulting in an increase in stool weigh and consistency, making them softer. The bulk then stimulates normal bowel motility.
129
What are the indications for osmotic laxatives?
Bowel preparation
Constipation
Faecal Impaction
Hepatic encephalopathy
130
What are some examples of osmotic laxatives?
Lactulose
Macrogol (laxido, movicol)
Phosphate enema
131
What is the mechanism of action of osmotic laxatives?
They act as hyperosmotic agents, increasing water in the bowel lumen. This increases the water content of the stool, making it softer and easier to pass
132
What are stimulant laxatives indicated for?
Constipation
Faecal impaction
133
What is the mechanism of action of stimulant laxatives?
Stimulate the muscles that line the gut, helping them to move the stool along
133
What are some examples of stimulant laxatives?
Senna
Bisacodyl (also kind of osmotic)
Glycerol suppositories
Docusate sodium
134
What is lidocaine indicated for?
Local anaesthesia
135
What are macrolides indicated for?
H-Pylori eradication
Pneumonia
Skin and soft tissue infection
136
What are some examples of macrolides?
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
137
What is metformin indicated for?
T2DM
138
What is methotrexate indicated for?
Chemotherapy
Psoriasis, if severe
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn's disease
139
How should methotrexate be administered in RA?
Once weekly, with a folate supplement administered on a different day
140
What is metronidazole indicated for?
Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Dental Infection
Protozoal Infections
Pneumonia
Intra-abdominal sepsis
PID
141
What is naloxone indicated for?
Opioid toxicity or poisoning
142
What is nicorandil indicated for?
Stable angina
143
What are nicotine replacement drugs indicated for?
Smoking cessation
144
What are some examples of nicotine replacement drugs?
Nicotine as various brands:
Bupropion
Varenicline
145
What are nitrates indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Angina
Pulmonary oedema
146
What are some examples of nitrates?
GTN spray
Isosorbide Mononitrate
147
What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?
They are metabolised to NO ⇒ relaxation of vascular smooth muscle ⇒ improved flow and reduced resistance
148
What is nitrofurantoin indicated for?
UTI
149
What are NSAIDs indicated for?
Inflammation
Pain
Many many many things
150
How should nitrofurantoin be prescribed?
For 3 days for women, 7 days for men and complicated UTIs
151
What are some examples of NSAIDS?
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Etoricoxib
152
What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDS?
Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which is involved in prostaglandin synthesis. This inhibits the pain pathway
153
What are ocular lubricants indicated for?
Dry Eyes
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Sjogrens syndrome
154
What are some examples of ocular lubricants
Carbomer
Hypromellose
155
What are oestrogens and progestogens indicated for?
Contraception, acne management, hormone replacement therapy in menopause
156
What are opioid compound drugs indicated for?
Pain
157
What are some examples of opioid compound drugs?
Co-codamol
Co-dydramol
158
What are strong opioids indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Breathlessness (palliative care)
Pain
Pulmonary oedema
159
What are some examples of strong opioids?
Morphine
Oxycodone
Fentanyl
160
What are weak opioids indicated for?
Pain
161
What are some examples of weak opioids?
Codeine
Dihydrocodeine
Tramadol
162
What is oxygen indicated for?
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Hypoxaemia
Pneumothorax
Poisoning
163
What is paracetamol indicated for?
Pain, fever
164
What are penicillins indicated for?
Endocarditis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Skin and soft tissue infection
Tetanus
Tonsillitis
165
What are some examples of penicillins?
Benzylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
166
What are anti-pseudomonal penicillins indicated for?
Infections (complex)
Pneumonia
Sepsis (incl intra-abdominal)
Skin and soft tissue infection
Urinary tract Infection
167
What are some examples of anti-pseudomonal penicillins?
Piperacillin with tazobactam (tazocin)
168
What are broad spec penicillins indicated for?
H-Pylori eradication (amox)
Pneumonia (amox, co-amox)
Intra-abdominal sepsis
Urinary Tract Infection (co-amox if sensitive)
169
What are some examples of broad-spec penicillins?
Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav
170
What are penicillinase resistant penicillins indicated for?
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Skin and soft tissue infection (cellulitis)
171
What is an example of a penicillinase resistant penicillin?
Flucloxicillin
172
What is phenytoin indicated for?
Epilepsy, focal and generalised
Status Epilepticus
173
What are phosphodiesterase (type 5) inhibitors indicated for?
Erectile Dysfunction
Pulmonary hypertension
174
What are some examples of phosphodiesterase (type 5) inhibitors?
Sildenafil (viagra)
Tadalafil
175
What is oral and IV potassium indicated for?
Electrolyte Therapy
Hypokalaemia
176
What are some examples of oral potassium?
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Bicarbonate
Can be combined into a tablet called Sando-K
177
What ae some examples of IV potassium?
Potassium Chloride
178
What are prostaglandin analogue eye drops indicated for?
Open angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension
179
What are some examples of prostaglandin analogue eye drops?
Latanoprost
Bimatoprost
180
What are PPIs indicated for?
Dyspepsia
GORD
H-Pylori eradication
Co-prescribed with aspirin
181
What are some examples of PPIs?
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
182
What is the mechanism of action of PPIs?
They inhibit the H+/K+-ATPase found at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells to prevent H+ entering the gastric lumen and inhibit gastric acid production
183
What is quinine sulphate indicated for?
Leg Cramps
Malaria
184
What are quinolones indicated for?
Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection
185
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
Blocking DNA replication and inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division
186
What are some examples of quinolones?
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
187
What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
188
What are statins indicated for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Hyperlipidaemia
Ischaemic heart Disease
Primary prevention of coronary events (20mg)
Secondary prevention of coronary events (80mg)
189
What are some examples of statins?
Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Pravastatin
190
What are sulphonylureas indicated for?
Diabetes
191
What is an example of a sulphonylurea?
Gliclazide
192
What are tetracyclines indicated for?
Acne
Lyme disease
Pneumonia
193
What are some examples of tetracyclines?
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Lymecycline
194
What are thiazolidinediones indicated for?
Diabetes
195
What are some examples of thiazolidinediones?
Pioglitazone
196
What is levothyroxine indicacted for?
Hypopituitarism
Hypothyroidism
197
What is trimethoprim indicated for?
Pneumocystis
Pneumonia
Urinary tract Infection
198
What is valproate indicated for?
Bipolar Disorder
Epilepsy, Absence seizures
Epilepsy, Focal
Epilepsy, Generalised
Not indicated in women of child bearing age
199
What are some examples of valporates?
Sodium Valproate
Valproic Acid
200
What is vancomycin indicated for?
Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Sepsis
MRSA (I think)
201
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
202
What are vitamins indicated for? (Such as thiamine)
Korsakoff's
Prevention of neural tube defects (folate)
Poisoning
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Thiamine Deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency/reversal of warfarin
Wernicke's encephalopathy
203
What are some examples of NOACs?
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban
204
What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?
Vitamin K is essential for the functioning of several clotting factors (10,9,7,2) and warfarin blocks vitamin K. This prolongs PT.
205
What is the mechanism of action of NOACs?
It inhibits free and clot-bound FXa, and prothrombinase activity (it BANS factor XA) to prevent clotting
206
What are 5 alpha reductase inhibitors indicated for?
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
207
What is an example of a 5a-reductase inhibitor?
Finasteride
208
What is the mechanism of action of 5a-reductase inhibitors?
5 alpha reductase converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a more potent androgen hormone. Inhibitors reduce DHT in the prostate, leading to a reduction in prostate size.
209
What is the mechanism of action of sulphonylureas?
They stimulate insulin release by binding to beta-cell receptors. This depolarises K+ channels —> close —> Ca2+ channels open —> insulin vesicles trafficked to membrane
210
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
Metformin lowers glucose by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon. It also increases insulin sensitivity
211
What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?
They bind to the nuclear receptor PPARy (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) and activate genes concerned with glucose uptake and utilisation and lipid metabolism. This improves insulin sensitivity and reduce resistance
212
What are SGLT2 inhibitors indicated for?
T2DM, HF
213
What are some examples of SGLT2 inhibitors?
Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin
214
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
They block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney through binding to SGLT2 receptors, increase glucose excretion, and lower blood glucose levels ⇒ increase in glycosuria
215
What class of drug are metaclopromide and domperidone?
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists (antiemetics)
216
What are some examples of SNRIs?
Venlafaxine, duloxetine
217
What is the mechanism of action of anti-muscarinic drugs in treating urinary incontinence?
Inhibition of the binding of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors M(2) and M(3) on detrusor smooth muscle to prevent contraction
218
What is atropine indicated for?
Reversal of bradycardia following MI, BB use etc
219
What is hyoscine butylbromide indicated for?
IBS, acute GI smooth muscle spasm (buscopan)
220
What is glycopyrronium bromide indicated for?
For bradycardia, severe dribbling, hyperhidrosis etc
221
What are statins indicated for?
Primary hypercholesterolaemia in patients who have not responded adequately to diet and other appropriate measures
Secondary prevention of strokes/MI
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Hyperlipidaemia
222
What are some examples of statins?
Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Fluvastatin
223
What are the 2 types of calcium channel blockers, and some examples of each type?
Dihydropyridines - nifedipine and amlodipine
Non-dihydropyridines - diltiazem and verapamil
224
What is the difference between the 2 types of calcium channel blockers?
Both help to relax and widen arterial smooth musce but non-dihydropyridines have an additional effect on the heart’s, leading to a reduction in heart rate, force of contraction and normalised rhythms
225
What is the mechanism of action of statins?
Inhibit 5-HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme used to synthesise cholesterol
226
What is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers?
They act on calcium channels and inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle. This results in reduced contractility and vasodilation
227
What are warfarin/NOACs indicated for?
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Heart Valve replacement
Pulmonary embolism
Venous thromboembolism treatment
228
What is hyoscine hydrobromide indicated for?
Excessive respiratory secretions in palliative care
