Indigenous Peoples PA and Colonial Encounters

Question 1

What year was the indian act and give 3 examples of what indigenous cultural practices it banned

Answer 1

1876
-sundance ceremony (central plains)
-dancing at powwows
-potlatch (pacific coast)

Question 2

what is a potlatch

Answer 2

a ceremony in which wealth or valuable items were giving away or destroyed to demonstrate a leaders wealth and power

Question 3

what is always present in indigenous physical activities

Answer 3

indigenous culture

Question 4

what are 2 common indigenous cultural features

Answer 4

-connection to the land
-oral traditions

Question 5

give 3 examples of games of chance

Answer 5

-dice games
-bones and sticks games
-moccasin

Question 6

what are games of chance in the indigenous culture

Answer 6

recreational rather than about physical skill or strength
-used to have fun
-not solely about luck (many involve skill and are very complex)

Question 7

what is the idea behind indigenous games of strength, speed, and endurance

Answer 7

about being on the land and developing the endurance and strength for hunting
-also means of friendly athletic competition
-promote important skills and qualities deemed valuable to the way of life

Question 8

what are 3 examples of indigenous games of skill

Answer 8

-ball games
-ball and stick games
-games with hoops and poles

Question 9

how did different indigenous groupds games of skill vary

Answer 9

each community used its own style, rules, and equipment, guided by specific cultural beliefs and practices

Question 10

in the early 19th century, how did the cultural exhange begin

Answer 10

-european fur traders were welcomed to join large community gatherings
-PA was a cultural practice during
-over time, european cultural practices were incorporat
ed into these gatherings
-incorporation of european notions of competition and prizes as motivation

Question 11

what was the typical narrative of lacrosse

Answer 11

-training ground for war
-extremely violent where men were maimed or killed
-Canadas national sport

Question 12

what is the settler-colonial history of lacross

Answer 12

-large teams of indigenous warriors
-many aspects of sports history have been passed on as folklore
-kept young ment fit and strong for war and hunting
-support social conformity and honour the gods

Question 13

what is the indigenous anrrative of the meaning of lacross

Answer 13

-a medicine game
-means to bring communities together (to celebrate the changes in seasons)
-a means to settle disputes

Question 14

how did indigenous males affect the french canadian males

Answer 14

provided an alternative model of masculinaty
-french settlers emulated indigenous masculinity
-sharing cultural practices (canoeing, snowshoeing and hunting learned and performed alongside indigenous peoples)

Question 15

Who is George Beers

Answer 15

Montreal born dentist and Canadian Natinoalist
-prime mover in organizing and popularizing the contemporary lacross

Question 16

to turn lacross from a pastime to a sport what did George Beers do

Answer 16

colonized its indigenous past
-eliminate foreign influence
-need for a nation history/mythology to be consciously constructed
-turned to baggataway

Question 17

what year was the lords day alliance created

Answer 17

1888

Question 18

why was Lords Day Alliance create

Answer 18

concerned with dwindling church attendance and the impacts of industrialization and urbanization, and (non-protestant) immigration

Question 19

who lobbied the lords day alliance and why

Answer 19

federal government for legislation
-to protect the sabbath

Question 20

the lords day alliance was an attack on what groups of people

Answer 20

working class
non christian canadians
indigenous communitities

Question 21

What was the terms of the lords day act

Answer 21

it was not lawful for any person on this to engage in public game or contest for gain, or for any prize or reward to be present
-to be engaged or present at any performance or public meeting anywhere else than in a church (where a fee is charged)

Question 22

as early as what years did authorities begin to challenge sunday matches and where

Answer 22

1916-12
-Ahkwesashne

Question 23

Many organizations attempted to stop sunday lacross games in Haudenosaunee communities (cause of lords day act), how did they respond

Answer 23

they openly defied the federal law by continuing to host the popular exhibitions

Question 24

how was lacrosse more than just lacrosse, what else did it act as while the lords day act was a thing

Answer 24

a performative protest
-sunday lacrosse games went well beyond simple athletic contests held for non-indigenous audiences
-they were a conscious attempt by a select group within six nations to assert not only haudenosaunee autonomy but also their complete sovereignty

Question 25

what does sovereignty mean

Answer 25

supreme power especially over a politically organized unit

Question 26

what were longhouses

Answer 26

where people lived and worked in and aroun them -each one would shelter one family often creating a multigenerational household with extended family -they would be extended in size as needed

Question 27

how did the controversy end from the lords day act

Answer 27

-haudenosaunees assertion that crown officers no jurisdiction on the reserve cause of their treat status as a sovereign community -ontario goverment decided not to protest but still warned against it

Question 28

what treaty belogns to the area of banff national park/bow river valley and what year

Answer 28

treaty 7 -1877

Question 29

the area of Banff national park/bow river valley is the home, hunting, fishing etc. grounds for what 8 indigenous groups

Answer 29

-nakoda -ktunaxa -tsuu t'ina -piikani -siksika -kanai -secwépemc -members fo the Cree nations

Question 30

what brought other indigenous groups to the Banff Nation Park/bow river valley as part of what

Answer 30

arrival of the fur trade and european contact brought

Question 31

what is the relationship between between the indigienous communitites and hot springs

Answer 31

they hold important significance for them -for medical and healing purposes as well as for ceremony

Question 32

what brought the europeans to the region of banff.. and what did they bring with them

Answer 32

fur trade -smallpox and other diseases

Question 33

in 1885, the reserve in the region of banff surrounded what and what happened to it around 1887

Answer 33

1885 -surrounding Cave and Basin mineral hot springs 1887 -expanded and established as Rocky Mountains Park *Canadas first national park

Question 34

what was canadas first national park

Answer 34

Rocky Mountinas Park

Question 35

in 1885 a pass system introduced throughout Canada to what

Answer 35

monitor and restrict migration of indigenous peoples

Question 36

many indigenous peoples of what group ignored new park and continued with what and why

Answer 36

Nakoda -continued seasonal hunting -their right affirmed by the Treaty 7 agreement

Question 37

what did hunting practices motivate when it comes to parks

Answer 37

the earliest wildlife regulations in National Parks -europeans blamed indigenous peoples for the lack of big game (at time when visitors to the park were incresing-railway)

Question 38

what were officials recommending to do about Indigenous peoples from the national parks

Answer 38

permanently banning them

Question 39

the regultions surroinded hunting and national parks was really designed for what

Answer 39

to sustain the region as a sporting and recreational playground -rather than to preserve a healthy ecosystem -indigenous peoples who hunted for subsistence suffered in favour of those who hunted for sport

Question 40

why were indigenous communities displaced when it comes to natinoal parks

Answer 40

becuase the hunting practices that sustained them were made illegal

Question 41

in 1909 what was into=roduced to naitonal park

Answer 41

game wardens

Question 42

in what year did the Rocky Mountains Park expand

Answer 42

1902

Question 43

in 1912 CPR begins a widespread promotion of what and why

Answer 43

fishing and hunting in the region of Rock Mountains Park -means to attract tourists (rail passengers)

Question 44

In 1930, Rocky Mountains Park was renamed to what and what act was enacted

Answer 44

Banff National Park -Nation Parks Act enacted

Question 45

the governement and organizations promoted Banff as a tourist site, and the new tourist focused uses of the hot springs were what to the indigenous communitites

Answer 45

stood in direct opposition to the ways they used them

Question 46

James B harking was the first comissioner of what and what year

Answer 46

Dominion Parks Branch -1911

Question 47

who was the first comissioner fo the dominion Parks branch

Answer 47

James B Harkin

Question 48

What did James B harkin do in regards to naitonal parks system and believed what

Answer 48

expanded them -parks should have an economical foundation and supported tourism development throughout Canadian protected areas -perpetuated idea of parks as untamed wildnerness

Question 49

What was the National Parks Act and when was it established

Answer 49

1930 -parks to be land left for future generations -ended widspread resource extraction (mining and logging) and limitied toursts recreactional practices

Question 50

who perpetuated the idea of parks being untamed wilderness

Answer 50

James B Harkin

Question 51

in the late 19th century, what groups of people caompaigned for the expansion of nation park system rather than who

Answer 51

local governmets, recreational groups, and trouism entrepreneurs -conservationsists

Question 52

In 1888 what was built by CPR

Answer 52

Banff Springs Hotel

Question 53

Banff Springs Hotel was a facility that CPR promoted as what

Answer 53

an elite tourist destination

Question 54

Prime Minister Macdonald wanted Banff Springs Hotel to be what

Answer 54

analogous to a European spa town

Question 55

in 1930, 88% of park visitors arrived to banff how

Answer 55

by car

Question 56

although the Banff Springs Hotel was initially established as an elite tourist destination what helped it transform into what

Answer 56

intro of the automobile -transformed into a place that also catered to middle class tourists -accommodate mass of tourism of coming decades

Question 57

How was Banff seen as an Indigenous employment opportunity

Answer 57

They were displaced from their traditional activities and sufferiing economically so some joined this new toursit economy -new land well

Question 58

what year is a powerful example of an era in which Indigenous peopels efforts to shape their physical activities and highlight their fight to what

Answer 58

1970s -revitalize and restore their traditions and cultures into their contemporary lives

Question 59

examination of indigenous PA is not just relevant to the times and people of long ago but what is it for the modern day

Answer 59

a platform for understanding modern-day and future physical activity practices