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psychology paper 2 > Individual differences > Flashcards

Individual differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the first two studies and the theme of individual differences

A

1) Freud
2) Baron -Cohen

theme: understanding disorders

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2
Q

name the psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitals

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3
Q

what are the Electra and Oedipus complex

A

Development of a strong attachment to the opposite sex parent
Oedipus is for males and Electra is for females

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4
Q

what is the background of Freud’s study

A

Freud believed that little hans had things going on inside his unconscious mind

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5
Q

What is the aim of Freud’s study

A

an account of a boy who was suffering from a phobia of horses and to use this case to prove the existence of the Oedipus complex

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6
Q

what is the research method for Freud

A
  • case study
  • longitudinal
  • secondary data gathered ( via little Hans father)
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7
Q

what was the sample for Freud’s study

A

Jewish boy from Austria
from 3 - 5 yrs old
‘little Hans’

opportunity sampling

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8
Q

outline the procedure for Freud’s study

A
  • At three his mother threatened to cut off his widdler and developed a fear of castration
  • saw a horse collapse and die and his baby sister was also born
  • 4 yrs old he developed a fear of horses especially whtie horses as his father said too not put his fingers too close to it other it will bite
  • Around same time hans’ father got angry that he’s been getting into bed and cuddling with his mother
  • he had a giraffe dream: two giraffes one was large and the other crumpled and hans took the crumpled giraffe and sat on it
  • by the end of his phobia he had two fantasies
  • plumber: came and removed his penis and bottom with bigger ones
  • family: he had several children with his mum and his dad was the granddad
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9
Q

what were the results from Freud’s study

A
  • The horses represented his father
  • horses made good father symbols because they have large penises
  • anxiety felt by Hans was castration anxiety and from his father
  • the crumpled giraffe represented little Hans mum gentiles and the large giraffe was a penis symbol
  • children fantasy represents a solution of the Oedipus complex
  • plumber fantasy represents identification with the father
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10
Q

What were the conclusions from Freud’s study

A

Hans feared horses because of his castration anxiety and going through Oedipus complex
- dreams and fantasies helped express this conflict and resolve it

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11
Q

strengths from Freud’s study

A
  • qualitative data
  • ethical as parental consent was given
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12
Q

weaknesses from Freud’s study

A
  • case study
  • Hans father was a fan of Freud’s work, therefore may have suffered demand characteristics, only putting forward evidence that fit Freud’s theories
  • not reliable
  • very ethnocentric
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13
Q

what is the background to Baron-cohen’s study

A
  • looking into autism spectrum
  • evidence suggests that a TOM deficit is not a core cognitive deficit in autism. no conclusive evidence to show ‘high-functioning autism’ or Asperger Syndrome (AS) have an intact TOM. because usual tests to assess TOM too easy.
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14
Q

what is the aim of Baron-cohen’s study

A

to test whether high-functioning adults with autism or AS would struggle with a new and more difficult test for TOM by using the eyes task

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15
Q

what is the research method for Baron-cohen study

A
  • quasi experiment
  • matched participant design
    (DV) was the performance – score out of 25 – on the Eyes Task
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16
Q

what is the sample for Baron-cohen’s study

A
  • 16 with autisim ( 13 male 3 female)
    • volunteers from autism magazine
  • 50 control ( random sampling from cambridge)
  • 10 tourettes ( self selected from cafe)
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17
Q

what was the control task for Baron-cohens study

A

had to make sure the autism group had no visual problem they add did two control tasks
- gender recognition
- basic emotion

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18
Q

outline the procedure for Baron-cohens study

A
  • ## particiapants shown 25 black and white photographs of eyes for 3 seconds and asked to choosen between two words ( one was targert word and one was foil)
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19
Q

how was the eyes task validated

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Happe’s strange stories
  • if the eyes task really measures theory of mind then those who struggle with it should score less in the strange stories task
20
Q

what were the results for Baron-cohens study

Study These Flashcards
A
  • on control tasks all groups performed normally
  • eyes task autism group did significantly worse
    A - 16.3/25
    C- 20.3/25
    T - 20.4/25
  • Autism group stuggled with strange stories evidence for validity
  • Normal females performed significantly better than normal males on the Eyes Task
21
Q

what was the conclusion for Baron-cohens study

Study These Flashcards
A

1) high functioning adults with autism have a significant problem with their TOM. This supports the idea the TOM deficit is central to understanding autism
2) eyes task is a valid test of TOM and is suitable for high-functioning adults with autism

22
Q

strengths of Baron-cohens study

Study These Flashcards
A
  • practical applications
  • highly controlled
  • quantitative data
  • ethical
  • face validity
  • reliable
23
Q

weaknesses of Baron-cohens study

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • no qualitative data
  • could be unethical
  • sampling bias
24
Q

how does understanding disorders develop our understanding of individual, social and cultural diversity

Study These Flashcards
A

individual - explain why behaviour may differ among people. Baron-Cohen et al were able to analyse specific characteristics whereas Freud was explaining the reason

cultural - B&C study was carried out in the UK and suggests that Asperger’s can be explained in the same way across other cultures Freud also only done in one place

25
What are the last two core studies of the ID area and the theme
1) Gould 2) Hancock theme: measuring differences
26
what is the background for Gould?
- Yerks conducted an experiment claiming to test intelligence. Yerkes believed that intelligence was inherited and therefore could not be changed
27
what was the aim for Gould?
to reveal basic problems in attempts to measure intelligence. Yerks aim was to devise a scientific way to test the natural trait of intelligence on a mass scale
28
What was the research method for Gould?
a review article of yerks experiment the research method used for yerks was large scale psychometric testing
29
what was the sample in Gould?
- 1.75 million army recruits in the USA during WW1. The recruits included White Americans, African americans and European immigrants.
30
outline the procedure in Gould
three mental tests made 1) Army Alpha: written test for literate recruits. There were 8 sections and included rewording words completing analogies etc. 2) Army Beta: pictorial test for illiterate. 7 parts which included number task, completing a maze 3) individual examination: spoken test for those who failed army beta but people rarely took it tests took less than hour and done in supervised groups. Gould is highly critical and blacks had a lower chances of being allowed to take the beta test
31
what were the results for Gould?
yerks found that average age of white american man was 13 gould referred to them as 'nation of morons' black people average age of 10.4 graded European scores with the darker they were the lower the score
32
What were the conclusions for Gould
yerks concluded 1) intelligence is innate and possible to grade individuals by colour of skin 2) average man of most nations can be considered a moron 3) mental testing of this kind is valid and scientific gould : internal contradictions and systematic prejudice of the materials and method invalidated the conclusions
33
what is the background for Hancock?
- maslows hierarchy of needs - research indicated psychopaths language might be less cohesive and less incoherent which allows Hancock to examine specific qualities using a statistical text analysis
34
what was the aim of Hancock's study?
to test how crime narratives differ between psychopaths and non-psychopaths murderers.
35
what was the research method for Hancock's study
- face to face interviews
36
what was the sample for Hancock's study?
- Canadian prisoners - 52 male murderers (14 psychopaths) - volunteers
37
what was the procedure for Hancock's study?
- participants were assessed against the psychopathy checklist revised and had 20 criteria. Out of 40 and psychopaths get 30 and over - At interview , ppt were briefed on the aims and procedure of study - Offenders asked to describe crime in as much detail as possible while being taped (mean 25 min) - standardised procedure ' Step wise interview' - interviewers = two psychology graduates and 1 research assistant who were 'blind' - analysed using Wmatrix (analyse what themes come up) and DAL (emotional properties)
38
What was the results for Hancock's study?
- no sig. diff. in number of words produced by Psycho/non psycho - psycho used more subordinating conjunctions (1.82%) e.g because, so that, since - psycho focused more on basic needs but non focused on higher level social needs - psychos use more past-tense verbs because they have a greater detachment to the crime - psychos more callous and lack of empathy - more disfluencies (33%)
39
What were the conclusions from Hancock's study?
- psychos tend to view their crimes as the logical outcome of a plan - are more likely to focus on own basic needs - less emotional and positive in their speech - more emotionally detached from their crimes
40
strengths of Hancock's study
- interviews so can gather more data - qual and quant data - ethics as consent, debriefed and confidentiality - ecological validity - concurrent validity - reliable - practical applications
41
weaknesses of Hancock's study?
- interviews - time consuming - ethics - might feel forced - social desirability bias - might try to seem more remorseful - sampling bias - ethnocentric
42
Describe how measuring differences develops out understanding of social, cultural and individual diversity
individual: hancock showed we can examine certain behaviours social: Hancock looked at 52 murderers so not much added cultural : hancock only Canada
43
strengths of the individual differences area
- practical applications - different types of data used - holistic
44
weaknesses of the individual differences area
- ethical issues raised - methodology is sometimes subjective - complex - can't generalise
45
outline key concepts of the Individual differences area
- everyone is unique -everyone has different personalities - it is possible to measure and study individual differences - we can understand human behaviour in terms of dispositional factors

psychology paper 2 (5 decks)

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