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Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the aim of study 2 in Rosenhan?

A

To see if hospitals who had been told they were to be approached by pseudo-patients would be able to tell sane from insane

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2
Q

What was the aim of study 3 in Rosenhan?

A

To investigate patient-staff contact

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3
Q

Describe the participants used in Rosenhans study

A

It was an opportunity sample
S1- hospital staff&patients
- 8 pseudo patients (various occupations e.g painter, housewife)
S2 - Hospital staff
S3 - staff from 4 of the 12 hospitals used in study 1
-staff at a college campus

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4
Q

What method was used in Rosenhans study?

A

Field experiment
S1&s3
S2 also collected data using participant observation

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5
Q

What ethical issues may occur in Rosenhans study?

A

Hospitals/staff deceived
Protection- may undermine confidence in doctors
However
Pseudo patients gave fully informed consent/volunteered

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6
Q

What quantitative data was collected in Rosenhans study?

A

S1- num of participants admitted/discharged
S2- num of faulty diagnosis
S3 - num of social interactions

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7
Q

What qualitative data was collected in Rosenhans study?

A

S1-pseudo patient observation
•feeling powerless, depersonalised
S3-

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8
Q

What was the aim of study 1 in Rosenhan?

A

To see if people could get themselves admitted to a psychiatric hospital

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9
Q

What practical applications can be made from Rosenhans study?

A

•reduce abuse of power in mental institutions
•change num of professionals used to diagnose disorders
-cant rely in one individual
•reduce stickiness of labels
•assess criteria used to diagnose mental illness

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10
Q

Assess the ecological validity of Rosenhans study

A

High-field exp, natural behaviour

Covert- few demand characteristics in s1&3

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11
Q

What controls were used in s1 for Rosenhans study?

A

All pseudo patients behaved normally besides showing the same symptoms of hearing voices

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12
Q

What controls were used in s2 for Rosenhans study?

A

None

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13
Q

What controls were used in s3 for Rosenhans study?

A

Young female asked staff on a uni campus various questions

E.g im looking for a psychiatrist

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14
Q

Describe the IV and DV in Rosenhans study 1

A

Iv- patients pretence to get into hospitals

Dv- psychiatrist admission of patient and the strength of diagnostic label

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15
Q

Describe the IV and DV in Rosenhans study 2

A

Iv-false info given to hospital

Dv-number of patients which staff suspected as being pseudo

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16
Q

Describe the IV and DV in Rosenhans study 3

A

Iv-patient or visitor

Dv-level of contact between staff and subject

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17
Q

What 2 changed could be made to Rosenhans study?

A

1) make it a self report questionnaire instead of a field experiment
2) make it cross cultural to identify cultural sim/diff

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18
Q

Additional evaluation to Rosenhans study(strengths)

A

Pros
•sample- range of occupations/states/hospitals/age/gender
So can infer cause and effect (results due to product of flaws in psychiatric profession not other factors)
•methodology- field experiment
Allowed pseudo patients to experience ward from patients perspective

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19
Q

Additional evaluation points to Rosenhans study (weaknesses)

A

Cons:
•observer bias
Pseudo patients aware of aim so may pay particular attention/emphasise mistreatment (rosenhan his own pps)
•unreliable
Interactions after admission not controlled
Diff to record data accurately whilst participating

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20
Q

Was Rosenhans study longitudinal or snapshot?

A

LONGITUDINAL
S1- 52 days
S2- 3 months
Long enough to show change over time

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21
Q

What can you conclude from rosenhans experiment?

A

P-We cant distinguish sane from insane all of the time, once labelled there is an expectation of the individuals behaviour to be due to this
E-7/8 patients in study 1 were admitted &diagnosed as schizophrenic
C-may be better to treat mentally ill patients in community healthcare schemes with behavioural diagnosis rather than institutions with sticky labels

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22
Q

Define depersonalisation

A

Where people aren’t treated as individuals, lack of respect

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23
Q

When is powerlessness and depersonalisation show in Rosenhans study ?

A 
Study 3 lack of eye contact 10/1283 nurses
Supported by qual data
•observed inhumane treatment 
•toilets no doors(privacy) 
•medical records available to any staff
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24
Q

What is the difference between a type 1 and type 2 error (Rosenhan)

A

Type 1- researcher diagnosis sick person as healthy (false neg)
Type 1- diagnose healthy person as sick (false positive)

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25
Describe the individual differences approach
Examines how individuals differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour
26
Describe 3 key criteria used to define abnormality
Deviates from norm Doesn't conform to social demand Painful to individual
27
Explain 2 issues with defining abnormality
All 3 criteria sometimes appear in 'normal' people | Normality is culturally defined
28
What is meant by a diagnostic label
Social sigma Misunderstanding of 'mental illness' Fear of it Discrimination eg employment
29
What are the key features of schizophrenia
Pos symptoms- additional to norm eg hallucinations | Neg symptoms- reduction in norm eg lack of motivation
30
What is meant by the medical model of abnormality?
See mental disorders as an illness with psychological causes treated with medication
31
What is meant by the anti-psychiatric movement?
Mental illness doesn't have a physical cause, don't fit society therefore treated with institutionalisation not medication
32
Thigpen and Cleckly is...
A case of multiple personality
33
What is the aim of T&C?
To document the treatment of a 25 year old women with a history of severe headaches and blackouts that was later diagnosed with a MPD (multiple personality disorder)
34
What method was used for T&C?
It was a LONGITUDINAL case study | •14 Months
35
Practical applications from T&C
* development to understanding the function of personality | * therapy options for those suffering from MPD
36
What is MPD?
Multiple Personality Disorder
37
What ethical issues occurred in T&Cs study?
* not aware therapy sessions recored * no consent to book * privacy/consent/deception/withdrawal
38
Ecological Validity T&C
Low- interviewed in an office, not within daily routine | •experimenter effect, may encourage certain behaviours from eve.
39
What data was collected in T&C?
Quan=EEG, Psychometric test (IQ memory) Qual= observations •projective personality test
40
Describe the sample used in T&C
25 y/o Married women Referred due to severe headaches and blackouts that had no physical cause •therapy revealed ordinary emotional problems •dr thought treatment working until receiving a letter, last para diff writing •when asking Eve she became agitated •posture/demeanour changed-eve black appeared
41
Define personality
A pattern of collective behavioural/emotional/temperamental traits and character of a person
42
Define MPD
Occurrence of 2+ personalities within the same individual each able to take control
43
What is dissociation
Perceived deception of the mind from the body or emotional state (May feel dreamlike)
44
What changed could be made to T&C
``` 1) observe in own home +increase eco validity -ethics Leads to increased validity 2) use independent researchers +reduce experimenter bias -decrease validity (if eve uncomfortable may give invalid response) Leads to increased inter-rater reliability ```
45
Procedure T&C
* 14 months * therapeutic sessions * self report * interviews with friends/family * EEG * IQ memory func (psychometric test) * handwriting * projective ink block test
46
Describe Eve BLACK
``` Mischievous Provocatively dressed Rowdy Unaffected by human emotion Party girl Egocentric ```
47
Describe Eve WHITE
``` Saintly Sweet yet sad Sensible Demure Loved daughter deeply Serious Stooped posture ```
48
EEG results T&C
Ew: 11 cycles per sec = normal Eb: 12.5 cycles = slightly fast (associated with psychopath) Jane:11 = normal
49
Psychometric test results T&C
IQ: Ew=110 superior Eb=104 inferior Projective test: Ew=repression, anxiety as her role as a mother, hostility to her mother Eb=regression, desire to return to earlier life before marriage
50
Hand writing results T&C
Varied between personality yet written by same individual
51
Interpretation of EW and EB (T&C)
``` EW= maintains nice EB= embodies anger ``` •one individual but personality at diff stages of life
52
Who is jane? (T&C)
Compromise between EW & EB | •hypnosis used to bring jane out as main personality
53
What happened in procedure 1? (Rosenhan)
* 12 psych hospitals phoned for urgent app * pseudo complain of hearing voice (same sex, unclear, saying thud hollow empty) * pps gave false name/address/occupation everything else true * no pps had abnormal past * once admitted pps acted normally/showed no symptoms and took part in ward activities * all noted observations/experience whilst inside
54
Outline the procedure in s2 (rosenhan)
Hospital made aware of findings from s1 •informed over next 3 months 1+ pseudo pps would try to be admitted •staff rated the likelihood (1-10) as to whether they believe patient was pseudo
55
Outline procedure s3 Rosenhan
* in 4/12 hospitals pseudo patients approached staff and asked staff •'pardon me, could you tell me when i will be eligible for ground privileges' * avoided asking same staff more than once a day * asked as normally as possible
56
Results from s1 (Rosenhan)
``` •all pps were admitted •7/8 diagnosed schizophrenic •shortest stay=7 •longest =52 •average =19 •on release pps labeled "schizo in remission" •normal behaviour mis-interpreted E.g early for lunch= behaviour distorted in order to fit in ```
57
Results from s2 Rosenhan
193 patients were assessed •41 rated pseudo by at least 2 staff •23 by 1 psychiatrist
58
Results from s3 (Rosenhan)
100% uni faculty responded to young f 23/185 psychiatrist made eye contact 47/1283 nurses responded to pseudo
59
What was the aim of Griffith's study?
To compare the behaviour and cognitions of RG and NRG
60
What method was used in Griffith's study
Quasi Field Experiment, snapshot
61
Describe the sample used in Griffith's study
60 pps Mean age= 23.4 30 RG 29m:1f (gamble atleast 1x week) 30 NRG 15:15 (gamble 1x month or
62
Practical Application from Griffith's study
•rehabilitation if problem gamblers •show RG may have cog biases -can be helped by newly developed therapies to change their thinking
63
Describe the eco validity of Griffith's study
Field exp- high natural setting However lack- using someone else's £ may reduce risk/excitement Thinking out loud- not normal
64
Ethical issues in Griffith's study
Fully informed consent given Right to withdraw Pps protection- given £ to gamble may be seen as encouragement
65
What were the IV&DV's in Griffith's study
IV= RG/NRG | DV=skill/verbalisation/speed/perception
66
What was hypothesis 1 in Griffith's study
There will be no sig difference between RG and NRG on objective measure of skill
67
Hypothesis 2 from Griffith's study
RG will produce more irrational verbalisations than NRG (measured by thinking aloud)
68
Hypothesis 3 Griffith's study
RG will be more skill-oriented than NRG on subjective measures of skill
69
Describe the procedure used in Griffith's study
* each pps given £3 stake(30 plays) to play fruit machine in local arcade * pps asked to try to stay on for 60 * after 60 plays pps could carry on or take the money
70
What 3 forms of assessment were used in Griffith's study?
``` 1) behavioural •skill observed on 7 diff variables -total plays -end stake -win rate etc 2) thinking aloud •1/2 NRG & 1/2 RG asked to think aloud to gain insight to cog process -verbalisations tape recorded 3)post experiment interview •semi structured -opinion on level of skill involved in fruit machine playing -asked to judge their own skill ```
71
Reliability of Griffith's study
Inter=low categories subjective/bias | •only clearly understood by Griffith's
72
Outline validity of Griffith's study
High- supported by triangular data •observation •interview •thinking aloud (Variety of data collection)
73
What changes could be made ti Griffith's study?
•use open questioned self report instead of thinking aloud •use variety if gambling methods -dice -cards -horse racing
74
Data collection in H1 (Griffith)
Quantitative= behavioural measure of skill
75
Data collection H3 (Griffith)
Qual- gained through semi structured interview | •perception of skill
76
Data collection H2 (Griffith)
Qual turned to quan by coding system | •irrational verbalisation
77
Findings from H1 (griffith)
Overall no sig difference •RG slightly higher play rate than NRG -8 per min // 6 per min
78
Findings from h2 (griffith)
Overall •both made more rational than irrational verbalisations •RG produced more irrational than NRG (14% - 2.5%) •NRG more rational questions -"whats going on here" •RG more personification of machine -"the machine likes me"
79
Define gambling
Activity of wagering money in an event where you do not know the outcome
80
Key components of gambling
Stake Predictability Odds
81
Define addiction
Behavioural pattern characterised by compulsion, loss of control and repetition of behaviour in-spite of adverse consequences

AS PSYCH (8 decks)

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