Individual differences (Intelligence and Personality) Flashcards

Question

what is eyesencks biological model?

Answer 1

we have a heritable ability to learn and adapt to the environment based on biological factors, eyesencks observations and linked the response to create categories: psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism.

Answer 2

testosterone levels - high, more aggressive and low caring, considerate

Answer 3

cortical arousal - high under aroused and bored, low over aroused

Answer 4

level of reactivity in limbic system/amygdala - high, stress reactivity and low, lower stress.

Answer 5

- shields 1976 found that monozygotic twins were significantly more alike on the introvert-extrovert and psychoticism dimensions than dizygotic twins. - only 50% of the variations of scores on personality dimensions are due to inherited traits → suggests social factors are important.

Answer 6

research pointing towards the big five: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.

Answer 7

useful as it is quick to administer and free, as it only has 40 items compared to the NEO! but is has no data on individual sub facets!

Answer 8

1. cross sectional consistency 2. longitudinal consistency 3. life stages and personality change 4. life roles amplify early dispositions

Answer 9

there's variation across context and situation. the person situation debate: - trait theories emphasise consistency - social cognitive theories emphasise agency and role of context - debate as to whether personality is trait driven, or whether context also is important.

Answer 10

- Social cognitive theories assume personal agency (Bandura) - an intentional doer selecting, constructing and regulating one’s own activity to realise certain outcomes. - Bandura worked on the SC theory of learning, behaviour and personality.key elements are agency & person environment interaction, with the triadic reciprocal causation. learning, expectancies and self-efficacy switch between the behaviour, person and environment of a situation.

Answer 11

- Imposed: put up with it whether like it or not but can control how contrue & react to it - selected: associates, activities etc which we select by our life choices and behaviours - constructed: through generative effort, how we socially construct environment through our perception of the world and associated actions.

Answer 12

Mischel observed boys at Summer camp over 6 weeks and looked at their behavioural signature and found behaviour is situational and varies as we interact with the world. SCT emphasises importance of personal agency and interaction with environment of social context. ‘the capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of ones life is the essence of humanness’

Answer 13

- aggregation across many situations and can't predict single actions or from single actions - most now subscribe to interactionist approach as both internal traits and situations interact in producing behaviour. - stable dispositions

Answer 14

are people stable in their trait characteristics over lifetime? William James 1890, proposed that it is well for the world that in most of us, by the age of 30, the character has set like plaster and will never soften again. but trait theorists have different thoughts: - hard plaster hypothesis. - soft plaster hypothesis

Answer 15

McCrae et al 2000, agree that personality stabilises at age 30 and remains stable in cognitively intact individuals, proposed that from age 18-30 inc in A & C, decreases in N,E and O.

Answer 16

Caspi & Roberts 2001, plateau in personality may not be reached until age 50 but slow changes occur after 30. Lewis 2001 proposed that continuity due to stability of environment.

Answer 17

changes at different life stages: roles, events and social circumstances. major normative life role changes

Answer 18

Openness and ambition predicted involvement in women's movement which in turn led to subsequent increases in these traits, agents in shaping their environment. Roberts et al (2018), growth in social maturity: change is cumulative over life span, likely in response to our life experiences and often leans in a positive, helpful direction.

Answer 19

- Srivastava et al 2003, studied 130,000 people on the internet, adults aged 21-60 completed the big 5 questionnaire. there is evidence for gradual but systematic change through lifespan, C = changes particularly in early adulthood, A = largest changes in mid adulthood and N = declined for women only. rejects hard plaster. - most theorists subscribe to interactionism in some form and the debate continues because of fundamental differences in trait & social cognitive views. - Haris et al 2016, Scottish mental survey begun in 1947, to study personality stability from childhood to older age (N = 1,208 people born in 1036), 174 completed a questionnaire at 77 years, self and other ratings.

Answer 20

‘general ability to reason, plan, think, solve problems, think abstractly, learn quickly and learn from experience’

Answer 21

Binet & Simon first developed psychometric intelligence tests to identify children with LD, development in US for IQ testing was Stanford-Binet test, where the mental age is divided by the chronological age then multiplied by 100. In the 1960s, normative differences in IQ scores standardised age related norms developed based on standard deviation. the distribution of IQ is a bell curve.

Answer 22

proposed by Spearman an English psychologist, scores on ability tests intercorrelated and there was a common variance represented as a single factor.

Answer 23

- general intelligence factor underlying performance - it determines how well we use ability/knowledge etc used for reasoning, drawing inferences and seeing relationships between things.

Answer 24

proposed intelligence as an adaption, g comprised of 7 primary mental abilities like: associative memory, mathematical, perceptual speed, reasoning, visual-spatial, verbal comprehension and word fluency. contemporary ideas of intelligence comprise a combination of these approaches, the general intelligence and specific abilities.

Answer 25

consist of fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence

Answer 26

Fluid intelligence is the ability to learn, deal with novel information irrespective of previous experience. Fundamental reasoning and information processing ability and biological which may decline over lifespan.

Answer 27

crystallised intelligence is knowledge and skills arising from acculturative learning, it is acquired and may increase over lifespan with experience

Answer 28

Wechsler intelligence scales used for 16-90 year olds and composed of 12 subtests. participants are scored on verbal IQ, performance IQ and full scale IQ.

Answer 29

- VERBAL IQ, as a measure of acquired knowledge, verbal reassign and attention to verbal information. - PERFORMANCE IQ, as a measure of fluid reasoning, spatial reasoning attentiveness to detail, visual-motor integration. - FULL SCALE IQ, an estimate of an individual’s general level of intellectual functioning.

Answer 30

- quantification - identify differences for research and in applied settings. - high internal reliability - predictive power -quick as only has 4 subtests: 2 verbal & 2 performance

Answer 31

- maybe not a culture fair test, designed to eliminate social or cultural advantages or disadvantages, non-verbal reasoning. - with standardisation the correct administration is important - test-retest stability can vary with less than 15 IQ points - lifespan IQ will change

Answer 32

- Gardner 1983, educational bias in IQ tests, favours those strong in logical-mathematical-verbal-linguisitc and intelligence is multi-sensory. - multiple intelligences are independent but work together etc. Biology, Formative relationship and cultural background.

Answer 33

- children tend to explore and exercise all of their abilities - challenges the idea of general intelligence - measured not through intelligence tests but everyday activities like developmental and dyslexia. - hot intelligences like non-cognitive abilities, especially those used in everyday life e.g. social skills and contrast with cold abilities like maths.

Answer 34

it is the ability to balance the needs to adapt to, shape and select environments in order to attain success however one defines it, within ones socio-cultural context (Sternberg, 1999)

Answer 35

replaces traditional notion of intelligence with successful intelligences as it is a triarchic theory: componential, experiential and practical

Answer 36

how well a task is performed, is it novel or automation and is measured by creativity tests.

Answer 37

underlying mental mechanisms of information processing, analysing, evaluating, critiquing and comparing and measured by traditional ability tests.

Answer 38

how well a task is performed, is it novel or automation and is measured by creativity tests.

Answer 39

contextual is the ability to use knowledge and experience to interact with the world, adapt to changing environment, shape our environment and select behaviours and situations. achieve fit between themselves and their environment and is measured by response to vignettes of practical everyday situation.

Answer 40

Galton, ‘where every lad had a chance of showing his abilities and if highly gifted was enabled to achieve a first class education and entrance into professional life’

Answer 41

JB Watson produced the book psychology as the behaviourist views it (2013) and responsible for the Little Albert experiment. ‘give me a dozen healthy infants, well=formed and my own specific world to bring them up in and ill'

Answer 42

most agree that individual differences develop as a result of interaction between environment and genetics can be discussed and analyses separately but work dependently.

Answer 43

estimates of extent to which variation in scores on measures of interest is due to genetic factors and a proportion of shared variance between individuals is presented as a percentage. The heritability coefficient is between 0 and 1.

Answer 44

Height are 0.80, Weight is 0.60 and IQ is 0.40 but the big five are: E - 0.36, N-0.31, C - 0.28, A - 0.28 and O - 0.46.

Answer 45

allows us to separate the two factors of nature and nurture. we measure the concordance which is the degree to which they are similar.

Answer 46

MZ separated from the same fertilised egg so share 100% of DNA DZ where two separate eggs fertilised by same sperm so shared 50% of DNA

Answer 47

- MZ genetically identical and any differences are environmental - DZ differ genetically, if same environment then the differences must be genetic.

Answer 48

found that even when people look the same their personalities may be different.

Answer 49

Jang et al. (2002) studied MZ & DZ twins from Canada and Germany, found similar results in the big five across both countries. So from these results suggested that there is only a 40-50% concordance even for MZ reared together in same family and the assumptions are unrealistic.

Answer 50

- Shared genes =/= shared experiences as each child has unique experiences to be considered - unshared environment like: sex, birth order, life events to particular child, peer group characteristics and personality characteristics. - differential parenting, with MZ want to treat differently and DZ treat similarly. - Reiss et al, 2005, found that there was differential parenting, interaction between genetics of child and of parent.

Answer 51

MZ twins raised apart lead to differing environments → compare children and both the adoptive & biological parents. -> suggest less genetic influence than twin studies

Answer 52

- Biological parents/children: 0.16 for E & 0.13 for N - adoptive parents/children: 0.01 for E & 0.05 for N leads to suggest whether H2 is overestimated in twin studies.

Answer 53

two twins separated at 4 weeks, reunited at 39 in 1979, found similarities in tension headaches, nail biting, smoked same cigarettes and drove the same type of car.

Answer 54

- unrepresentative of the general population - unshared environment - some genes may not have 100% penetrance and different consequences in genetically identical individuals.

Answer 55

heritability studies with twins suggest interaction between genes & environment (genetic component and environmental triggers).

Answer 56

- assortative mating - family size and birth order - social class

Answer 57

is the idea that couples tend to have traits in common, we are selective with whom we mate with. The typical relationship between partners IQ is r=.40 but for weight, colour and personality is r=.20. Higher IQ parents tend to have higher intelligence kids and lower tend to have more children.

Answer 58

for larger family size found a Lower IQ even when SES controlled and the first borns IQ Is more than the later born childs.

Answer 59

admixture; lower SES & IQ tend to have more children( Rodgers, 2001)

Answer 60

resources are finite & diminish with number of children (Downey, 2011)

Answer 61

intellectual develop occurs within family context and this changed over time (Zajonc, 2011), as FB have more time with 100% parental attention. but there is conflicting research, Rogers et al 2000, conducted a national longitudinal survey of youth, it had more than 11,000 ppts aged 14-22 and children born to them. the study found no relationship between family size & intelligence.

Answer 62

recent case of two MZ twins born in Seoul, in 1974, separated at age 2 as one was adopted by American parents. they were reunited in 2020, aged 36, and the twin in Korea described loving and harmonious home while the US twin described regular conflict and the divorce of her adoptive parents.

Answer 63

- US was individualistic and SK more collectivist values - similar levels of mental health & self-esteem - high on conscientiousness - purposeful, well-organised and achievement striving.

Answer 64

the SK twin scored 16 points higher than the US twin on the WAIS test and the ravens matrices. - US obtained a score of 31, testing time was 105 min but she stopped at 42 items from frustration within difficult items - SK completed all 60 items in 54 min with a score of 43.

Answer 65

Hernstein & Murray 1994, the bell curve shows intelligence and class structure in American life. proposed that IQ will become the basis of class system.

Answer 66

the bell curve and race, Black IQ distribution scored lower than White IQ distribution, as US education dumbed down by lower IQ and those with talent are not reaching their full potential, since resources are expensive they go to supporting talented rather than the disadvantaged.

Answer 67

- Intelligence considered hierarchy of abilities - many not be captured in IQ tests - IQ is heritable but not completely. - variance within population about 10 x greater than between races

Answer 68

between r=.3 - .5, thus meaning that the higher the SES the higher the IQ. supposedly 45 IQ points between the social classes ranging from 1-5.

Answer 69

measured IQ at age 14, found the in high SES and low SES with biological parents, the adoptive parents were more likely to be high in SES than low.

Answer 70

- SES associated with differences in executive function, memory, emotional regulation and underlying brain areas - Inherited biological and psychological factors - genetic cause SES difference through lowered educational and occupational performance - social policy based on assumption that ID are largely due to environmental factors

Answer 71

allowed for some inner influence from the higher cognitive functioning possessed by humans but said that principles of reinforcement external to the individual are thought mainly to control human behaviour. ( Maltby, J., et al., 2017)

Answer 72

human problems in living solely focuses on human behaviour but methodology remains similar

Answer 73

(Maltby, J., et al, 2017) -model is an active player responding both to inner stimuli and the external environment - moving in a dynamic system

Answer 74

Individuals seen to be influential in determining their own motivation, development and behaviour

Answer 75

reciprocal determinism -all factors interact w one another to influence how individuals behave

Answer 76

personal factors e.g. cognitions, emotions, behavioural and environmental factors

Answer 77

that personal factors can greatly impact the likelihood of failure, as you approach the task differently (Maltby, J., et al, 2017)

Answer 78

(Maltby, J., et al, 2017) affect the individuals cognition, feeling and emotion

Answer 79

he believes that individuals possess free will -cognitive processes allow control in selecting situations we operate in

Answer 80

Bandura (Matlby,J., et al, 2017)

Answer 81

the belief that you can change things to make them better for yourself or others (Bandura, 1999)

Answer 82

bandura 1999 the individuals enlists other people to help change some of the factors impacting on their life

Answer 83

people surrender their power to the other, who may not have their best interest at heart -prefers collective agency

Answer 84

where a group of individuals come together believe that they can make a difference to their own and or others life circumstances (Matlby, J., et al, 2017)

Answer 85

how people learn from other individuals

Answer 86

children learn personalities from learning from parents, peers and others through observational learning -copy successful behaviour -dynamic due to how many people are involved in raising children

Answer 87

Bandura 1991, identifying goals to achieve and obtain external feedback from relevant others helps achieve goals and maintains motivation

Answer 88

Bandura, 1990 -that goal achievement depends heavily on self regulatory processes

Answer 89

self -efficacy, self criticism, self praise, valuation of own personal standards etc -attempts to self influence

Answer 90

(Bandura 1989) your belief that if you perform some behaviours it will get you a desired positive outcome

Answer 91

-high self efficacy increases the likelihood of achieving success -also influences effort put into a task

Answer 92

-studied self efficacy to avoid drinking -found those most likely to drink heavily had low self-efficacy and were higher on impulsiveness

Answer 93

students performed better academically when their teachers had higher levels of self-efficacy

Answer 94

when the model is reinforced through completing a task, the observers cognitions become more positive and impacts their self-efficacy.

Answer 95

a person w low self efficacy will shadow a person who is successful int the task and feel ready to complete the task themselves

Answer 96

the person-situation debate -do you believe as you do because of the situation you are in or because of your personality?

Answer 97

the way in which psychologist interpreted personality test scores and used them to make decisions about individuals

Answer 98

it is between 0.2-0.3 -> meaning that the trait was accounting for under 10% of the variance in behaviour -> personality coeffiecient

Answer 99

Newcombe 1929 -51 boys measured on the personality characteristics of extraversion and introversion -studied 21 situations in a summer camp on a daily basis -recorded how much the boys talked at meals and if they played with others/alone

Answer 100

the average correlation of behaviour across situations based on the daily observations was 0.14

Answer 101

Epstein, 1979, claimed that they take a personality score and then take one measure of behaviour -> violates good measurement (1980) as needs multiple measurements

Answer 102

-personality psych determined to show consistent differences in individuals that are independent of the situations -social psych highlight the importance of the situation (Mischel, 2004)

Answer 103

incorporate findings from developments in cognitive psychology about how the mind works (Mischel, 1973) outlined a set of social cognitive person variables - described processes that described how individuals constructed situations

Answer 104

college conscientiousness -at the beginning students specified the behaviours and situational context they considered relevant to the traits being examined -found variability across different situations & temporal stability in an individuals behaviour within similar situations

Answer 105

a dynamic personality system that will incorporate developments from cognitive science and genetics that are relevant to personality - info on the individuals mental and emotional process is an essential component of any model of personality

Answer 106

CAPS fulfils mischesls need for a better model -composed of mental representations -> cognitive affective units (representations of self, others etc) (Mischel & Shoda 1995)

Answer 107

more valid tests were developed -Crombach & Meehl 1955 -Meyer et al 2001 demonstrated that personality tests share the same high levels of validity -more attention is paid to designs of studies (variables carefully selected)

Answer 108

-mood stability -the strength of their emotions (Wundt 1874)

Answer 109

a dimension of personality used to categorise people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic

Answer 110

-traits are relatively stable over time -traits show stability across situations

Answer 111

trait theorists are more interested in describing personality & predicting behaviour -> over identifying what caused the behaviour

Answer 112

-first to relate personality to traits -created somatotypes, based off physique & temperament -found three basic types of physique; endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy -felt that individuals had different prominent organs and this is what the focus lies on

Answer 113

-ectomorph - privacy and inhibited -mesomporph - physically assertive, competitive, keen on physical activity -endomorph - associated with love of relaxation & comfort

Answer 114

Galton, 1884

Answer 115

-suggests the individual differences between people that are important that become encoded as single terms

Answer 116

(Norman, 1963) most work on LH was done on English language but if valid should apply cross culturally

Answer 117

-published a list of 18,000 words in which 4,500 described personality traits -allport then published Personality traits:Their classification and Measurement (1921)

Answer 118

-impossible to use an individuals personality traits to predict how they willl behave in a specific situation -variablity in everyone's behaviour

Answer 119

-traits have a physical presence in our nervous system -advances in tech would enable psychologists to identify these traits through inspecting the nervous system

Answer 120

the way traits and personality came together is important -the evolution and change of unified personality -> adaptability -approves of both nomothetic and idiographic approaches (law an individual uniqueness)

Answer 121

allows identification of common personality traits -ways to classify groups with one being more dominant than the comparable group -but comparision is unhelpful ''personal disposition''

Answer 122

-comparison based on common traits are not particularly useful represents the unique characteristics of the individual -emphasis on the uniqueness of each person -more fruitful approach of developing an understanding of personality

Answer 123

single traits which may dominate an individuals personality and heavily influence their behaviour (Maltby et al., 2017)

Answer 124

5-10 traits that best describe an individual's personality

Answer 125

concerned with Individuals preferences and become apparent in stituations

Answer 126

the characteristics of the individuals that allow prediction of how they will behave in a given situation

Answer 127

-whether traits are genetically determined or the result of environmental experiences -traits genetically determined are constitutional traits -environmentally induced traits are environmental-mold traits

Answer 128

multiple abstract variance analysis -administers tests to assess a particular trait in relation to complex samples consisting of family members raised together apart etc. -allows to calculate degrees of influence that genetic and environmental factors have

Answer 129

-Ability -Temperament -Dynamic

Answer 130

how well you reach whatever your goal is in that situation

Answer 131

-individuals difference in styles to adapt when taking on challenges

Answer 132

-traits which motivate us and energise our behaviour three types: attitudes, sentiments and ergs

Answer 133

Malty, j et al 2017 -hypothetical constructs that express our particular interests in people or objects in specific situations -help predict behaviour

Answer 134

Cattell, 1950 complex attitudes that include our opinions and interests that help determine how we feel about people or situations

Answer 135

innate motivators, that cause us to recognise and attend to some stimuli more readily than others and to seek satisfaction of our drives

Answer 136

-between common & unique traits -common are shared by many e.g. intelligence, sociability -unique traits are specific to individuals e.g. interests, hobbies that motivate ind to pursue certain related activities

Answer 137

surface & source -surface are collections of trait descriptors, that cluster together in many individuals and situations -source traits are the traits responsible for related differences in observed behaviour

Answer 138

-used the list of personality descriptors developed by Allport & Odbert -removed synonyms and left raters w 171 trait names -rates assessed individuals on these and reduced the list to produce 46 surface traits -gave out questionnaires with 10 point likert scales for people to rate colleagues behaviour and then a separate one for personality -cattell was able to identify 16 major source factors to develop the 16 PF questionnaire

Answer 139

intelligence stable-emotional assertive-humble conscientious-expedient outgoing -reserved

Answer 140

there is a large biological determinant to personality -three types of super traits that make up personality

Answer 141

the way that an individuals character, temperament, intelligence, physique and nervous system are organised -stable & long lasting organisation

Answer 142

-created a hierarchal typology -starts with observations of individual behaviour that he calls specific responses -then we build habitual responses through specific responses - it is how they typically respond -these then build into certain traits -> personality types, which all come on a continuum

Answer 143

Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism

Answer 144

-tend to be creative individuals -looked at several sources to create hypothesis -traits are being egocentric, tough minded and unemphatic

Answer 145

measures the super traits (neuroticism, psychoticism and extraversion) leading to personality

Answer 146

that extraverts compared with introverts prefer to socialise, they like louder music and brighter colours, more likely to engage in more varied sexual activities and drink more alcohol

Answer 147

extraverts are more likely to attract and maintain networks of friends and to approach others for help when they are under going a crisis

Answer 148

-looked at study habits & the preferred location for studying of students -found that introverts prefer to study in quiet areas whilst extraverts study in areas where there are other people and opportunities to socialise -extraverts also took more study breaks -> higher need to engage in environment

Answer 149

there is still a role for environment in the development of personality -individuals genes provide a strong tendency to become a certain type of person, modification is still possible

Answer 150

-several accounts have been shown throughout history -the differences in personality that are important for social interaction and human societies have labelled these differences as single terms

Answer 151

-Tupes & Christal (1961/1992) -Norman (1963) -saucier & Goldberg 2001

Answer 152

five factors from analyses of trait words in 8 different samples

Answer 153

-revisited earlier research and reproduced the five factor structure using ratings of personality given by peers

Answer 154

described the lexical approach as an epic approach to research -researchers use the personality terms that are found in native language of the country & contrast with an epic approach -etic approach is using personality questionnaires translated from another language than tends to be English -etic approaches tend to replicate the five factor theory

Answer 155

Costa & McCrae 1985 -big five model (OCEAN) -consistent finding is the emergence of five factors of personality -a data derived hypothesis as opposed to a theoretically based one

Answer 156

Openness Conscientousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Answer 157

-McCrae & Costa 1989, factor anaylsed scores on the Myers-Briggs type inventory and found that it supports a five factor structure

Answer 158

-the factors are explained with biological theory of reciprocal and kin altruism -extraversion, conscientousness and openness to experience are best understood as biologically driven concepts that relate to three separate areas of behaviour

Answer 159

Trivers, 1977 -a form of altruism, whereby an organism will make an altruistic act but will not expect any immediate benefit in return -carried out under two conditions: act is made within wider context, act only carried out for a return later down the line

Answer 160

when species help each other

Answer 161

extraversion conscientiousness openness

Answer 162

-honesty-humility -> being too honest can lead to exploitation -investing too much in others in terms of potential personal gains

Answer 163

Saucier (2002) -models must provide independent factors -five factor model is useful as they are all independently of each other -in some findings among French and Korean samples, their sixth factor correlated with agreeableness -> not independent of each other

Answer 164

-examined the relationship between the five factors among three samples of Slovakian adults -found a factor of personality explained much of the variance in peoples scores on the big five dimensions of personality -> EXTRAVERSION

Answer 165

found from five factor model research in 2007-> stability and plasticity then reduced the factors to the general factor of personality

Answer 166

-Labelling factors depend on the researchers judgements about the best descriptor for the cluster of correlated traits, E.g. Fiske 1949, agreeableness factor can be labelled conformity and likability -measures in questionnaires affect the final factors produced (Peabody & Goldberg 1989)

Answer 167

the internal genetic code or blueprint for constructing & maintaining a living individual -biologically inherited & found within all the cells, tissues and organs of the individual (Maltby, J., et al, 2017)

Answer 168

the outward manifestation of the individual that is the sum of all the atoms, molecules, cells, tissues and organs -example is our physical appearance

Answer 169

1 - estimating the extent of genetic heritability of behaviour across a population 2 - stating the genetic heritability of that behaviour in terms of shared variance (h squared)

Answer 170

the estimate of the average proportion of variance for any behaviour through to be accounted for by genetic factors across a population

Answer 171

the Minnesota study of twins reared apart -medically & psychological assessments of identical and fraternal twins separated in life and reared apart -found a large correlation = 0.70 for neuroticism between MZ twin who were reared apart

Answer 172

-1,000 pairs of German & polish twins, and compared DZ & MZ on the 5 factor model -the findings show for every factor in DZ twins less correlation than in MZ twins -> thus providing evidence

Answer 173

- conducted a meta analysis of early twin studies -found heritability estimates for extroversion were 0.58, for neuroticism were 0.44 and psychotics were 0.46

Answer 174

looked at extraversion and neuroticism -sampled 160 pairs of MZ reared tg, 99 pairs of MZ reared apart, 212 pairs of DZ twins reared together and 229 of DZ raised apart -the correlations for MZ twins reared together and apart are larger than for DZ -suggests a genetic influence on personality for both extraversion and neuroticism

Answer 175

-estimating the environment is usually done w/o direct measures of environmental factors -personality shouldn't be seen as the result of genetics + environment but G X E

Answer 176

conceptions of heritability & the environment shared vs non shared environmental influences assortative mating

Answer 177

-Abstract: theoretical concepts, little information about the specific genes or environmental variables that influence personality -Population: when we refer to a population tells us little about a single Individual

Answer 178

-Additive -Dominant -Epistatic

Answer 179

gv in behaviour that is the total of the individuals genes inherited from their parents

Answer 180

certain genes (dominant) are expressed and the other recessive genes are not

Answer 181

the result of the way certain genes we inherit determine whether other genes we inherit will be expressed or suppressed

Answer 182

additive genetic variance

Answer 183

all three aspects of genetic variance

Answer 184

shared vs non shared environments

Answer 185

environments that are shared between two individuals e.g. siblings

Answer 186

environments that are not shared between two individuals e.g. twins separated at birth

Answer 187

-environmental influences shared by siblings or twins contribute only marginally to personality differences

Answer 188

those environmental factors that are unique (non-shared) to family members are influential, over shared environmental factors. -non-shared environmental factors, such as different peer friendships, are important mechanisms that explain why members of the same family may differ in their personalities. (Maltby, J, et al. 2017)

Answer 189

proposed by Reiss (1997) the passive model the child-effects model the parent-effects model

Answer 190

personality is generally explained by the 50% overlap between a child and their parent -> bh occurs in child as the result of child & parent sharing the same genes to influence behaviours

Answer 191

-the genes cause a behaviour in the child which turn causes the same or similar behaviour in the patent -childs development of bh its the result of genes

Answer 192

the shared genes cause the child to be aggressive to the parent, causes the parent to be aggressive towards the child

Answer 193

Harris documents studies showing that adults do not behave in the same way to a child who shows different tendencies. They will treat a very attractive child differently to one of their children who is less attractive;

Answer 194

-the behaviour of the child is responed to by the parent, which in turns brings out the behaviour in the child

Answer 195

-group socialisation theory

Answer 196

-based of social identity theory and social categorisations -individuals are thought to place other individuals into social groups on the basis of their similarities and differences to the individual -> consequence is based on groups we feel we belong to and our similarities and differences in relation to different social groups -personality reflect group as we do activities to fit in

Answer 197

-context specific socialisation -outside of the home socialisation -transmission of culture via group processes -group processes that widen differences between social groups -group processes that widen differences among individuals within the group

Answer 198

when couples mate they either have traits in common or contrast widely in their traits -positive: similar traits -negative: dissimilar traits

Answer 199

genetic environmental g x e influence evolution assortative mating developmental

Answer 200

WISC - CHILDREN WAIS - 16+ -measure verbal and performance intelligence -psychometric approach towards intelligence

Answer 201

-tests called elementary cognitive tasks ,evoked potentials,responsetimes

Answer 202

there is an indisputable connection between the size of a persons brain and their mental energy -supporting the idea that the more intelligent, the bigger the brain

Answer 203

MRI's -creates images of inside of organs in living organisms -researchers use these to compare overall intelligence scores

Answer 204

brain size & IQ among 40 US uni students and reported a correlation of r = 0.35

Answer 205

reported a correlation of r = 0.43 between brain size and general intelligence among 29 adults aged between 18 and 78 years of age.

Answer 206

In a meta analysis of 37 samples across 1,530 people (McDaniel, 2005), US psychologist Michael McDaniel estimated the correlation between brain size and overall intelligence was 0.33.

Answer 207

simple tasks to understand stimuli, choice and visual search -intelligence is measured through response times to diff tasks which involve understanding, identifying and discriminating between stimuli

Answer 208

-reaction time -standard deviation -inspection time

Answer 209

Sattler 2002 -variety of tasks -standardisation of administration -norm referencing

Answer 210

has ability tests of general knowledge, digit span, vocabulary, object assembly etc.

Answer 211

aim to provide a controlled environment in which the test is taken to allow comparisons among children -standardised in the process of research taken out through type, time and test situation

Answer 212

a method of comparing and ranking test takers' performance against a group of others, called a norm group

Answer 213

-the reliability -the validity -whether the usefulness of intelligence tests is over-emphasised

Answer 214

positive correlations of items -> suggests the items are measuring the same construct

Answer 215

reliability of the test overtime

Answer 216

fluctuation of IQ if retested a week later may be as much as 15 IQ points (Benson, 2003).

Answer 217

1920s and represents data from people born in Berkeley, California, between 1928 and 1929. -tested a sample of children annually throughout childhood and adolescence on a number of measures, including intelligence, and calculated their IQ scores. Jones and Bayley found that IQ scores of children at 18 years were positively correlated with their IQ scores at 12 years ( r = 0.89) and 6 years = 0.77

Answer 218

that it is generally accepted that individuals perform equally as well or poorly on different intelligence tests, suggesting that intelligence tests tend to correlate with other intelligence tests

Answer 219

Galton, 1865

Answer 220

the fact that genes are biologically transmitted from biological parents to the child -children inherit 50% of their fathers and mothers genes -use to start to explore how genes influence intelligence

Answer 221

of phenotypes is assessed through variability between the parents ad. the child -look at proportion of shared variance of bh between the adult and child

Answer 222

the proportion of shared variance of that behaviour is high - they are not very different in the characteristic

Answer 223

when differences in characteristics, there is a high variability and the proportion of shared variance is low

Answer 224

Plomin 2004 family studies, twin studies and adoption studies

Answer 225

-the rates are the same from Ridley 1999 as they are in Bouchard & McGues 1981 meta analysis -MZ raised together have concordance of 86% in IQ -MZ apart = 72% -DZ raised together = 60% -parents and children living together =42%

Answer 226

, found (from measures of verbal and non-verbal intelligence tests administered at ages 2, 3 and 4 years) that, for general intelligence, -> the heritability estimates were 23 per cent in early childhood, and that this increased to 62 per cent by middle childhood (from measuring intelligence from four mental ability tests at ages 7, 9 and 10 years). Maltby, John, et al.

Answer 227

-different types of genetic variance -assortative mating -the representativeness of twin and adoption studies

Answer 228

( examined over 2,000 Australian children and followed them from birth until the age of 8 years. Oddy and her colleagues found that stopping breast feeding early (at 6 months or less) was associated with reduced verbal intelligence, while children who were fully breast fed for more than 6 months scored between 3 and 6 IQ points higher on a vocabulary intelligence test than did those children who were never breast fed.

Answer 229

Nutrition Lead Prenatal factors

Answer 230

examined the possible relationship between body lead burden and pregnancy outcome among 749 pregnant women in, and around, the largest lead smelting facilities in Australia. Among these women, premature deliveries were statistically significantly associated with higher levels of maternal blood lead concentration at delivery.

Answer 231

Neisser et al. (1996) point to these types of consumption by mothers during pregnancy as having an effect on intelligence. Low birth-weight babies, as well as babies suffering from FAS, show reduced intelligence.

Individual differences (Intelligence and Personality) Flashcards

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