Individual - Martyn Flashcards

Question

Bowlby attachment theory

Answer 1

- Child becomes attached to primary caregiver during about 6-24 months - Responses they receive from caregiver during this time results in the child forming an 'internal working model' - This model effects how they see themselves and others and thus will impact upon their personality

Answer 2

- Internal working models influence attachment behaviours and styles - Developed tasks to assess attachment behaviours and styles known as 'The Strange Situation' (Ainsworth & Wittig, 1968) - Task is a lab based procedure which seeks to demonstrate the type of attachment between caregiver-parent. Widely used today

Answer 3

1. Mother and baby introduced into room 2. Mother and baby alone, baby free to explore (3 mins) 3. Female stranger enters, sits down, talks to mother then tries to engage baby in play (3mins) 4. Mother leaves stranger and baby alone (up to 3 mins) 5. First reunion. Mother returns and stranger leaves unobtrusively. Mother settles baby if necessary and tries to withdraw to her chair 6. Mother leaves baby alone (up to 3 mins) 7. Stranger returns and tries to settle baby if necessary, and then withdraws to her chair (up to 3 mins) 8. 2nd reunion. Mother returns and stranger leaves unobtrusively. Mother settles baby if necessary and tries to withdraw to her chair (3mins)

Answer 4

- Securely attached: child upset by mother's absence, comforted by return and explores room - Insecure avoidant: aloof when mother in room, failure to greet her (same with stranger) - Insecure resistant: the infant is upset intensely, approaches mother but resist

Answer 5

Secure attachments: Child more likely to explore - feel better able to maximise potential, develop healthy relationships, better cope with stress and anxiety Insecure attachments: Find it harder to develop trust in caregivers or authority, have a problem with controlling behaviour

Answer 6

- Russian physiologist - Performed noble prize winning work with canines - Reported the process of classical conditioning which reports a relatively simply but incredible powerful

Answer 7

- Heavily inspired by Pavlov - Called for a change in the direction of psychology; rallied against psychoanalyst approach of the day (interpretation and introspection) - Wrote 2 key texts: Behaviour (1914) and Psychology from the standpoint of a psychologist (1919) - Should be 'true science' focusing on observable behaviour - No assumptions should be made about what goes on in peoples' minds

Answer 8

- Followed the work of Pavlov and Watson - Accepted that inner states and thoughts exist but found these unacceptable causes of behaviour - E.G. anxiety is not caused by your personality but by some previous experience - Rejected notion of personality, merely descriptive word for behaviour patterns demonstrated by people following operant conditioning - Individual differences will be seen as different types of behaviour have been reinforced or punished in past

Answer 9

- Accepts principles of classical conditioning but found it too simple - Important to focus on the consequence of the response - Termed operant conditioning - Consequence of behaviour can be reinforced or punishment can be positive and negative

Answer 10

Positive reinforcement: receiving reward for behaviour (receive praise for good essay, you keep up good work) Negative reinforcement: Avoiding outcome due to behaviour ( you hand in essay to avoid being problems on course)

Answer 11

Positive punishment: receiving unpleasant stimulus for behaviour (speeding fine) Negative punishment: pleasant stimulus removed for behaviour (no longer access to car)

Answer 12

- Developed social learning theory - Accepted principles of Skinner and Watson but sought to focus on humans as opposed to non-human animals - Suggested that learning can occur via other process than individual directly experiencing outcome = vicarious learning - Pioneering work being the bobo doll experiments

Answer 13

- Children observed a video of a child attacking a bobo doll Three conditions (child in video is either): 1. Punished 2. No consequences 3. Rewarded - In a subsequent stage the children were taken to the room and left alone with the bobo doll, those who were punished much less likely to perform behaviour

Answer 14

- Bandura (1977) proposed that meditational processes govern the extent to which we imitate behaviour seen 1. Attention - must have noticed it 2. Retention - must remember it 3. Motor production - must be able to perform it 4. Motivation - must have considered consequences

Answer 15

The process where the observer identifies with a model and seeks to emulate their behaviour and characteristics

Individual - Martyn Flashcards

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