Individual muscles

Question 1

Biceps brachii

Answer 1

Muscle Action:
● Flex the elbow.
● Supination of the 
forearm.
● Flex the shoulder

Origin point - Anterior of the scapula.

Insertion Point - Upper radius.

Question 2

Triceps brachii

Answer 2

Muscle Action
● Extension of the elbow.
● Extension of the 
shoulder.
● Abduction of the 
shoulder.

Origin point - Posterior upper humerus and scapula.

Insertion Point - Upper ulna.

Question 3

Deltoid

Answer 3

Muscle Action
All fibers
● Abduct the shoulder.
Anterior fibers

● Flex, medially rotate and
horizontally adduct the
shoulder.

Posterior fibers
● Extend, laterally rotate
and horizontally abduct
the shoulder.

Origin point - Clavicle and scapula.

Insertion point - Upper humerus.

Question 4

Trapezius - Upper fibres

Answer 4

Muscle action
● Extend the head and 
neck.
● Laterally flex the head 
and neck to the same 
side.
● Rotate the head and 
neck.
● Elevate the scapula. ● Upwardly rotate the 
scapula.

Question 5

Trapezius - middle fibers

Answer 5

Muscle Action
● Adduct the scapula.
● Stabilize the scapula

Question 6

Trapezius - Lower fibers

Answer 6

Muscle Action
Depress the scapula.

Upwardly rotate the
scapula.

Question 7

Trapezius

Answer 7

Origin point - Base of skull, spinous processes of C7-T12.

Insertion point - Lateral clavicle and upper surface of the scapula

Question 8

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 8

Muscle Action
● Adduction of the 
shoulder.
● Extension of the 
shoulder.
● Internal rotation of the 
shoulder.

Origin point - Lower 7 thoracic vertebrae, inferior angle of the scapula, thoracolumbar fascia and the iliac crest.

Insertion point - Anterior upper Humerus.

Question 9

Teres Major

Answer 9

Muscle Action
● Adduction of the 
shoulder.
● Extension of the 
shoulder.
● Internal rotation of the 
shoulder.

Origin point - Inferior angle of the scapula.

Insertion point - Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

Question 10

Rhomboid major and minor

Answer 10

Muscle Action
● Adduct of the scapula.
● Elevation of the scapula.
● Downwardly rotate the 
scapula.

Origin point - Spinous process C7-T5.

Insertion point - Medial border and inferior angle of scapula.

Question 11

Pectoralis major

Answer 11

Muscle Action
All fibres
● Adduction of the 
shoulder.
● Medial rotation of the 
shoulder.
Upper fibres
● Flex the shoulder. ● Horizontally adduct 
shoulder.
Lower fibres
● Extend shoulder.

Origin point - Clavicle, sternum and cartilage of first to sixth ribs.

Insertion point - Head of humerus

Question 12

Pectoralis minor

Answer 12

Muscle Action
● Depressions of the
scapula.
● Retraction of the scapula.

Origin point - Anterior surface of 3rd-5th Ribs.

Insertion point - Coracoid process of the Scapula.

Question 13

Levator Scapula

Answer 13

Muscle Action
● Elevation of the shoulder 
girdle.
● Lateral flexion of the neck.
● Extension of the neck.

Origin point - Transverse processes of C1-C4.

Insertion point - Superior angle of the scapula.

Question 14

Rotator Cuff

Answer 14

Muscle Action
Teres minor
● Adduction, external rotation and stabilisation of the shoulder joint.

Infraspinatus
● Adduction, horizontal extension, external rotation and stabilisation of the shoulder joint.

Supraspinatus
● Abduction and stabilisation of the shoulder joint.

Subscapularis
● Internal rotation, adduction and stabilisation of the shoulder joint.

Question 15

Quadriceps

Answer 15

Muscle Action
All fibres
● Extension of the knee.
Rectus femoris
● Flexion of the hip.

Question 16

Hamstrings

Answer 16

Muscle Action
All fibres
● Extension of the hip.
● Flexion of the knee.
● Tilt the pelvis posteriorly.
Biceps femoris longus
● External rotation of the hip.

Question 17

Gastrocnemius

Answer 17

Muscle Action
● Plantarflexion of the
ankle.
● Flexion of the knee.

Origin point - Posterior, lower femur

Insertion point - Calcaneus.

Question 18

Soleus

Answer 18

Muscle Action
● Plantarflexion of the
ankle.

Origin point - Upper posterior femur.

Insertion point - Calcaneus.

Question 19

Tibialis anterior

Answer 19

Muscle Action

● Dorsiflexion of the ankle.
● Inversion of the ankle.

Origin point - Lateral upper tibia.

Insertion point - 1st metatarsal and medial tarsal.

Question 20

Psoas major

Answer 20

Muscle Action

 Flex the hip. 
● Externally rotates the 
hip.
● Flexes the spine. 
● Tilts the pelvis anteriorly.

Origin point - Bodies of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.

Insertion point - Upper femur.

Question 21

Iliacus

Answer 21

Muscle Action

● Flex the hip.
● Externally rotates the
hip.

Origin point - Iliacus fossa.

Insertion point - Upper femur.

Question 22

Erector spinae group

Answer 22

● Extension and lateral flexion of the spine.

Question 23

Rectus abdominis

Answer 23

Muscle Action

● Flex the vertebral column.
● Tilt pelvis posteriorly.

Origin point - Pubic crest, pubic symphysis.

Insertion point - Cartilage of 5th, 6th & 7th ribs and the xiphoid process.

Question 24

Transverse abdominis

Answer 24

Muscle Action
● Compress the abdominal contents.

Origin point - Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, surface of lower 6 ribs & thoracolumbar fascia.

Insertion point - Abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba.

Question 25

External oblique

Answer 25

Muscle Action ● Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. ● Rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side. ● Flex the vertebral column. ● Compress the abdominal contents. Origin point - External surfaces of 5th to 12th ribs. Insertion point - Anterior part of the iliac crest, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba

Question 26

Internal oblique

Answer 26

Muscle Action ● Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side. ● Rotate the vertebral column to the same side. ● Flex the vertebral column. ● Compress the abdominal contents. Origin point - Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion point - Internal surface of lower 3 ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba.

Question 27

Piriformis

Answer 27

Muscle Action ● Internal rotation the hip. ● Abduction the hip with the hip is flexed. Origin point - Anterior surface of the sacrum. Insertion point - Superior aspect of the greater trochanter

Question 28

Tensor fascia latae

Answer 28

Muscle Action ● Flexion of the hip. ● Abduction of the hip. Origin point - Anterior iliac crest. Insertion point - Lateral upper tibia via Iliotibial band.

Question 29

Sartorius

Answer 29

Muscle Action ``` ● Flexion of the hip. ● Abduction of the hip. ● External rotation of the hip. ● Flexion of the knee. ● Internal rotation of the knee. ``` Origin point - Anterior, superior Iliac Spine. Insertion point - Medial, upper tibia.

Question 30

Gluteus maximus

Answer 30

Muscle Action ● Extension of the hip. ● Abduction of the hip. ● Lateral rotation of the hip. Origin point - Coccyx, edge of sacrum, posterior iliac crest, sacroiliac and sacrotuberous ligaments. Insertion point - Head of the femur and Iliotibial tract.

Question 31

Gluteus medius

Answer 31

Muscle Action ● Abduction of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. Origin point - Lateral surface of Ilium. Insertion point - Lateral surface of greater trochanter of the femur.

Question 32

Gluteus minimus

Answer 32

Muscle Action ● Abduction of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. Origin point - Lateral surface of Ilium. Insertion point - Anterior surface of greater trochanter of the femur.

Question 33

Adductor magnus

Answer 33

Muscle Action ● Adductor of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. ● Extension of the hip. Origin point - Base of pubis and ischium. Insertion point - Mid to lower femur.

Question 34

Adductor longus

Answer 34

Muscle Action ● Adduction of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. Origin point - Anterior pubis. Insertion point - Mid femur.

Question 35

Adductor brevis

Answer 35

Muscle Action ● Adduction of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. Origin point - Anterior superior pubis. Insertion point - Upper femur.

Question 36

Pectineus

Answer 36

Muscle Action ● Adduction of the hip. ● Flexion of the hip. Origin point - Anterior superior pubis. Insertion point - Upper femur

Question 37

Gracilis

Answer 37

Muscle Action ● Adduction of the hip. ● Internal rotation of the hip. ● Flexion of the knee. Origin point - Anterior inferior pubis. Insertion point - Medial upper tibia.