Individual Vaccines

Question 1

What are the 4 types of influenza vaccines?

Answer 1

1) Whole virus inactivated vaccines
2) Subunit inactivated vaccines
3) Split virus inactivated vaccines
4) Live attenuated, cold- adapted vaccines

Question 2

What are the 3 strains of influenza?

Answer 2

1) Influenza A serotypes- 16 H subtypes and 9N subtypes
2) Influenza B
3) Influenza C- rare and mild

Question 3

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Disease:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 3

1) HIB Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Infants and elderly
4) Serious disease but is treatable with antibiotics

Question 4

Pneumococcal Disease:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 4

1) Pc Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON
3) Infants and Elderly
4) Dozens of different strains; most current vaccine= Prevnar 13 which covers 65% of strains

Question 5

Meningitis:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 5

1) Meningococcal Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Population not specified
4) Multiple strains; B mainly infects kids, A,C,Y,W-135 older kids and teens

Question 6

Diphtheria:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 6

1) DTaP Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (about 5 cases per year)
3) Pop. not specified
4) Sometimes serious but can be treated with antitoxin and antibiotics

Question 7

Tetanus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 7

1) DTaP vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (20-50 cases per year)
3) Mostly adults but kids too

Question 8

Pertussis:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 8

1) DTaP vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON (10,000-30,000 cases per year)
3) Infants
4) Disease may last for 3 months even when treated because there is damaged caused by the toxin (creates cough)

Question 9

Hepatitis B:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 9

1) Hepatitis B Vaccine (non- infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Pop. not specified

Question 10

Rotavirus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 10

1) Rotavirus Vaccine (infectious live)
2) Common; most kids have it by 3 years of age
3) Infants and Kids, spread easy at day care
4) Resistant to normal hand washing. Indistinguishable from the common stomach flu.

Question 11

Polio:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 11

1) Polio Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON, NO CASES SINCE 1985!
3) none
4) Nervous system involvement

Question 12

Measles:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 12

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 50-100 cases per year
3) Pop. not specified
4) Cases range from mild to severe (1/1000 are fatal)

Question 13

Mumps:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 13

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 250 cases per year
3) Pop. not specified
4) severe cases are rare

Question 14

Rubella:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 14

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 250 cases per year
3) Pregnant females- can cause birth defects
4) Very mild!!

Question 15

Varicella Zoster Virus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 15

1) Varicella Vaccine (infectious)
2) COMMON- 3.5 million cases per year PRIOR to vaccine in 1990s
3) Adults if they haven’t been exposed

Question 16

Hepatitis A:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 16

1) Hepatitis A Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (10,000 cases per year)
3) More common in day care centers
4) Transmitted by infected stools- takes about 4 weeks to become symptomatic

Question 17

Human Papillomavirus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 17

1) HPV Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON- about 20 million people infected in US
3) People who have unprotected sex.
4) MAY lead to cervical cancer (key word… MAY) Approximately 2000 infants per year get an HPV throat infection from their mothers.

Question 18

Influenza:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

Answer 18

1) Influenza Vaccine (4 main types)
2) COMMON- millions of cases per year
3) Children under 16 and elderly above 65
4) MANY different strains that mutate all of the time

Question 19

What are side effects of the flu vaccine?

Answer 19

1) Typical flu like symptoms are common
2) Febrile seizures
3) Guilain-Barre syndrome
4) Sever allergic reactions (for those with egg allergies)

Question 20

What are glial cells?

Answer 20

Cells of the nervous system that do not conduct nervous impulses

Question 21

What are microglia?

Answer 21

Macrophages of the brain and spinal cord that are constantly sampling the surrounding environment to assure homeostasis. These can be activated in response to stimuli!

Question 22

What percentage of glial cells are microglia?

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

What is the most abundant cell of the human brain?

Answer 23

Astrocytes

Question 24

What are the several functions of astrocytes?

Answer 24

1) Structural function
2) Nutrition for other cells by storing and releasing glycogen and releasing lactate
3) Give off regulatory molecules like glutamate and potassium
4) Help control synaptic transmission by clearing excess glutamate from synapses
5) Help control brain blood flow
6) Aid oligodendrocytes in myelination
7) Nervous system repair
8) Long-term potentiation

Question 25

What two cell types are preferential for aluminum accumulation?

Answer 25

Microglia and astrocytes

Question 26

How do astrocytes limit excitotoxic damage?

Answer 26

By clearing excess glutamate

Question 27

What are the two things responsible for brain injury (immunocitotoxicity) when they are combined?

Answer 27

Inflammatory cytokines and excitatory molecules (glutamate)

Question 28

How are microglia activated?

Answer 28

Microglia have receptors for most neurotransmitters, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, MHC I, MHC II, pattern recognition receptors, and toll-like receptors

Question 29

What two events are regulated by microglia?

Answer 29

1) Pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release | 2) Release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glutamate

Question 30

What types of diseases have microgliosis (activated microglia are present in large numbers)?

Answer 30

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Pick's, HIV dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Question 31

What are macrophages responsible for when they are resting?

Answer 31

They are garbage collectors when resting

Question 32

What cells are macrophages responsible for when they are activated?

Answer 32

Antigen presenting cell and killer cells

Question 33

What are macrophages responsible for when they are hyperactivated?

Answer 33

They are vicious killers when they are hyperactivated

Question 34

What are microglia responsible for in a resting state?

Answer 34

Extending and retracting pseudopodia and sampling the surrounding microenvironment. They also secrete basal levels of neurotrophic substances

Question 35

What are microglia responsible for when they are primed?

Answer 35

mRNA and membrane receptors are up-regulated. There is no increase release of cytokines, chemokines, interferons, or excitotoxins

Question 36

What are the microglia responsible for when they are hyperactive?

Answer 36

Several fold higher concentration of released pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and the release of three excitotoxins (glutamate, aspartate, and quinolinic acid (QUIN))

Question 37

Explain the concept of herd immunity.

Answer 37

By lowering the number of susceptible members of a population, vaccination decreases the natural reservoir of infected individuals in that population and so reduces the probability of transmission of infection. So, even unvaccinated members will be protected because their individual chance of encountering the pathogen is decreased. However, the herd immunity effect is only seen at relatively high levels of vaccination within a population.

Question 38

When is herd immunity effectiveness reduced?

Answer 38

When the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above threshold where the infectious organism still persists, herd immunity effectiveness is reduced and outbreaks occur.

Question 39

Does vaccination always equal immunity?

Answer 39

No. Vaccination creates leaky herd immunity.

Question 40

Can outbreaks still happen in highly vaccinated populations?

Answer 40

Yes. Measles is an example.