individualistic theories

Question 1

freud - psychoanalysis
freud stated that…

Answer 1

our early childhood experiences determine our future behaviour

Question 2

freud - psychoanalysis
in his view…

Answer 2

‘the child is the father to the man’

Question 3

freud - psychoanalysis
where is the id located

Answer 3

in the unconscious, instinctive, ‘animal’ part of the mind

Question 4

freud - psychoanalysis
what does the id contain?

Answer 4

powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives

Question 5

freud - psychoanalysis
what is the id governed by?

Answer 5

the ‘pleasure principle’ - the blind desire to satisfy the urges at any cost

Question 6

freud - psychoanalysis - id
if we acted on these urges whenever we felt them…

Answer 6

they would often lead to antisocial and criminal behaviour

Question 7

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
what does the superego contain?

Answer 7

our conscience and moral rules

Question 8

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
where do we learn our moral rules?

Answer 8

through interactions with our parents during early socialisation

Question 9

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
example of superego

Answer 9

we might be punished for trying to satisfy our urges without regard for others

Question 10

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
superego - through socialisation…

Answer 10

the child internalises its parents’ ideas of right and wrong , and the superego develops as a sort of ‘nagging parent’

Question 11

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
if we act - or consider acting…

Answer 11

against the superego, we feel guilt and anxiety

Question 12

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
how did freud see our behaviour as the result of?

Answer 12

the struggle between the id and superego

Question 13

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
what is the ego’s role?

Answer 13

to try strike a balance between their conflicting demands

Question 14

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
what is the ego driven by?

Answer 14

the ‘reality principle’ - learns from experience (that in the real world, have consequences)

Question 15

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
example following on from reality principle

Answer 15

a child learns that snatching a biscuit without asking may lead to punishment

Question 16

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
the ego seeks to…

Answer 16

control the id’s urges whilst finding a way to balance them

Question 17

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
example following on from what the ego seeks to do

Answer 17

• a child learns to say please to obtain what it wants
• it learns that sometimes it may have to repress gratification of the id’s desires

Question 18

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
in a well-adjusted person…

Answer 18

the ego acts in a way that satisfies the id’s desired but is also morally acceptable to the superego

Question 19

freud - psychoanalysis
a weakly developed superego

Answer 19

means the individual will feel less guilt about antisocial behaviour and less inhibition about acting on the id’s selfish or aggressive urges

Question 20

freud - psychoanalysis
a too harsh and unforgiving superego means…

Answer 20

• creates deep seated guilt feelings
• then craves punishment as a release
• engage in compulsive repeat offending behaviour to be punished

Question 21

freud - psychoanalysis
a deviant superego is…

Answer 21

• child is successfully socialised, but in a deviant moral code
• son may have perfectly good relationship with his criminal father so he internalised criminal values
• his superego would not inflict guilt feelings for contemplating criminal acts

Question 22

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
bowlby argues that there is a link…

Answer 22

between maternal deprivation and deviant/antisocial behaviour

Question 23

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
in his view…

Answer 23

the child needs a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (typically mother) from the age of 5 to develop normally

Question 24

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
if the mother-child attachment is broken through separation (even for short time)…

Answer 24

it can leave the child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others

Question 25

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY this is…

Answer 25

affectionless psychopathy and can lead to criminality

Question 26

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY evidence

Answer 26

- study of 44 juvenile thieves - 39% suffered maternal deprivation before 5 - control group of non-delinquents, only 5%

Question 27

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING) sutherland argues that…

Answer 27

individuals learn criminal behaviour largely in family and peer groups and is the result of 2 factors

Question 28

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING) imitation of criminal acts

Answer 28

- individuals can acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing those around them

Question 29

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING) learned attitudes

Answer 29

- socialisation within the group exposes them to attitudes and values about the law - learn more unfavourable - more likely to become criminals

Question 30

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING) example study

Answer 30

- white collar crime - group attitudes in work place often normalised criminal behaviour - making it easier to justify

Question 31

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER the idea is that…

Answer 31

if a particular behaviour results in reward, it is likely to be repeated (positive reinforcement)

Question 32

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER behaviour results in an undesirable outcome…

Answer 32

likely not be repeated (punishment)

Question 33

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER behaviourism

Answer 33

- cause of someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcements and punishments that shape it

Question 34

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER differential reinforcement theory

Answer 34

- skinner argued that all behaviour results from reinforcements and punishments - must explain criminal behaviour too

Question 35

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER example - Jefferey’s differential reinforcement theory

Answer 35

- if crime has more rewarding consequences, then an individual is more likely to commit criminal behaviour - financial rewards, respect

Question 36

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER to explain offending…

Answer 36

we need to look at the balance of rewards and punishments for the particular individual

Question 37

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG) kohlberg argues…

Answer 37

- our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages from childhood to adulthood

Question 38

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG) pre-conventional or pre-moral level

Answer 38

- young children define right and wrong in terms of what brings punishment or rewards

Question 39

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG) by adulthood…

Answer 39

- our ideas of right and wrong involve an understanding of underlying moral principles and values

Question 40

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG) this suggests that…

Answer 40

- criminals’ moral development is stuck at a less mature level - likely to think in terms of whether their actions lead to reward or punishment, rather than how it may affect others

Question 41

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG) cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 41

- cognitive theories that see delinquents’ thought patterns as different have led to a range of treatments for offenders