individualistic theories - done

Question 1

what are the four individualistic theories of crime catagories

Answer 1

1. psychodynamic theories
2. Eysencks personality theory
3. learning theories
4. cognative theories

Question 2

explain the general idea of psychodynamic theories

Answer 2

psychodynamic theories see our personality as containing powerful forces that make us act as we do
Criminal behaviour is the result of an individual’s failure to resolve these inner conflicts in a socially acceptable way

Question 3

Sigmund Freuds psychodynamic theory

Answer 3

He argued that our early childhood experiences determine our personality and future behaviour
Freud’s theory was that our early childhood experiences determine whether we will go on to act in anti-social ways.

Question 4

Freud says there are three parts that make up our personality, what are they?

Answer 4

the id, the ego and the super ego

Question 5

what is the id?

Answer 5

the unconscious, instinctive part of the mind - this contains the powerful, selfish and pleasure seeking needs such as food and water

Question 6

how can the id cause criminal behaviour?

Answer 6

the id causes urges in a sort of animalistic way which (if followed) can cause criminal and deviant behaviour

Question 7

what is the ego?

Answer 7

the ego is the balance between the id and the super ego which is driven by the ‘reality principle’
the ego learns from experience that the real world has consiquences

Question 8

what is the super ego?

Answer 8

our conscience and morals which we learn though interactions with our parents in early childhood
through this we get the internalised ideas of right and wrong

Question 9

what does a weakly developed super ego cause?

Answer 9

the individual feels less guilt and has less inhibition about acting on the id’s urges

Question 10

why can the super ego be a problem

Answer 10

as the super ego is formed through interactions and socialising with parents, individuals can develop a deviant super ego if the ideas of right and wrong are not internalised and they are socialised into deviant or criminal behaviour

Question 11

what can be the problem with individuals who have a harsh or unforgiving super ego?

Answer 11

a harsh or unforgiving super ego creates guilt in the individual who then craves punishment as a release from the guilt

They may engage in repeat offending in
order to be punished

Question 12

psychodynamic theory

what does Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory argue?

Answer 12

He believed that a child needed a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (usually the mother) from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally

Question 13

what does Bowlby say happens if this bond is broken?

Answer 13

if the attatchement / bond is broken the child may be unable to form meaningful, emotional relationships with others
maternal deprivation can also lead to criminal and deviant behaviour

Question 14

what does Bowlby call the child being unable to form meaningful, emotional relatioships?

Answer 14

affectionless psychopathy

Question 15

what did Bowlby find in his study of 44 juvinile thieves that had been transferred to a child guidance unit?

Answer 15

He found that 39% of them had suffered maternal deprivation before the age of 5, compared with only 5% in a control group of non-delinquents

Question 16

what are the 4 steps in Bowlbys deprivation theory?

Answer 16

1. Prolonged separation from the primary carer during the crucial period (first few years of life) deprives the child
2. this leaves the bond fragile and may break the bond
3. if the bond is broken it may be unfixable
4. the disruption of the bond leads to long term effects on intellectual and emotional development

Question 17

in eysencks personality theory what are the 3 elements of personality

Answer 17

1. extraverson
2. neuroticism
3. psychoticism

Question 18

what did eysenck make to measure peoples personality traits?

Answer 18

a personality questionnaire

Question 19

complete the sentence: the questionnaire to measure peoples personalities measures them on a scale of … and …

hint its two letters

Answer 19

the questionnaire to measure peoples personalities measures them on a scale of E and N

Question 20

are people with a high e score introverted or extraverted?

Answer 20

extraverted

Question 21

introverted people have what e score?

Answer 21

a low e score

Question 22

how does the criminal personality score on Eysencks personality test and what would this make them according to the key?

hint are they extravert ect

Answer 22

high on both E and N scales - criminals tend to be extravert and neurotic

Question 23

Why are neurotic extraverts more likely to be criminals?

hint: theres 2 reasons

Answer 23

1. conditioning - through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain - If we misbehave we learn to stop doing it to avoid future punishment.
2. genetic inheritance - we learn through conditioning but some individuals inherit a nervous system that causes them to develop a criminal personality

Question 24

learning theory

what is Sutherland’s differential
association theory

Answer 24

He said individuals learn criminal behaviour in the family and peer groups (including work groups) because of two factors:
1. Imitation – individuals pick up criminal skills through observing those around them
2. Learned attitudes – socialisation within the group exposes individuals to attitudes and values about the law, some favourable, some unfavourable

Question 25

finish the sentance: sutherlands theory looks not at why people become criminals but ......

Answer 25

but how they become criminals

Question 26

name atleast one of the nine propositions sutherland says regarding his differential association theory?

Answer 26

1. All criminal behavior is learned. 2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction 3. Most learning about criminal behavior happens in intimate personal groups and relationships. 4. The process of learning criminal behavior may include learning about techniques to carry out the behavior , motives and rationalizations that justify criminal activity 5. The direction of motives and drives towards criminal behavior is learned though interpreting legal codes as good or bad 6. When the opinions that support breaking the law outweigh the good opinions not supporting breaking the law, one will become a criminal 7. All differential associations aren’t equal - they vary in frequency, intensity, priority, and duration. 8. The process of learning criminal behaviors through interactions with others relies on the same things needed to learn any other behaviour 9. Criminal behavior could be an expression of generalized needs and values, but they don’t explain the behavior

Question 27

what approach does differential association take to explain how an individual becomes criminal?

Answer 27

social psychological approach

Question 28

who made the Operant learning theory

Answer 28

B F skinner

Question 29

what does the Operant learning theory say?

Answer 29

if a particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated but if a behaviour results in a punishment such a a fine (an undesirable outcome), it is less likely to be repeated

Question 30

what is the process of rewarding good behaviour called?

Answer 30

positive reinforcement

Question 31

what is the process of punishing bad behaviour called?

Answer 31

negative reinforcement

Question 32

the operant learing theory also states that there are two kinds of punishment, what are they.?

Answer 32

1. negative punishment 2. positive punishment

Question 33

how does negative punishment work?

Answer 33

occurs when something that is pleasant is taken away from the individual as a result of undesirable behaviour - negative punishment removes positive stimulus

Question 34

how does positive punishment work?

Answer 34

this occurs when there is a negative consequence for certain behaviours - someone sent to prison for criminal behaviour, is less likely to repeat that behaviour, as they are being positively punished

Question 35

explain the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment

Answer 35

positive punishment adds a consiquence for an action eg being sent to prison and negative punishment removes a priveledge or positive stimulus

Question 36

# learning theory who made the social learning theory

Answer 36

Albert Bandura

Question 37

what does Bandura's social learning theory suggest?

Answer 37

Albert Bandura argues that we learn our behaviour by imitating other people. He calls these other people ‘models’ because we model our behaviour on how we see them behaving.

Question 38

whos behaviour are we more likely to model?

Answer 38

those who we regard as a higher status than us

Question 39

how do the consequences of the actions we see happen to the model impact our behaviour

Answer 39

if the model recieves rewards for their behaviour we are much more likely to imitate the same behaviour they were rewarded for than if they were punished for it

Question 40

what was the Bandura et al bobo doll experiment?

Answer 40

they divided the children into three groups & each group was shown a film of an adult model being verbally and physically aggressive to an inflatable Bobo doll Group 1 saw a version where the model was rewarded Group 2 saw a version where the model was punished Group 3 saw a version where the model was not rewarded or punished

Question 41

what were the results of the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 41

group 1 imitated the behavior as they saw the person be rewarded and thought the behavior was good group 2 were the least likely to imitate group 3 had some imitation, not as much imitation of the behavior as in group 1

Question 42

# cognitive theory who made the criminal personality theory?

Answer 42

Yochelson and Samenow

Question 43

what does the criminal personaliy theory say?

Answer 43

criminals are prone to faulty thinking and this makes them more likely to commit crime

Question 44

what study is the criminal personality theory based on?

Answer 44

a long-term study of 240 male offenders, most of whom had been committed to a psychiatric hospital

Question 45

# complete the sentence the criminal personality theory argues criminals show a range of ........ and ......... in their thinking and descision making

Answer 45

range of errors and biases in their thinking and descision making

Question 46

name at least 3 of these erros and biases criminals show in their thinking - they names 52 errors and biases overall

Answer 46

lying , secretiveness, need for power and control, super-optimism, failure to understand others, lack of trust in others, sense of uniqueness and the victim stance

Question 47

Yochelson and Samenow said that everyone had thinking errors but criminals had.....

Answer 47

thinking errors more frequently

Question 48

criminals have a greater frequency of thinking errors which amplify each other, leading to criminal thinking patterns and resulting in what?

Answer 48

a criminal personality

Question 49

according to Yochelson and Samenow what ultimately caused the criminal personality?

Answer 49

the frequency of the errors and the combination of them in criminals leads to a criminal personality

Question 50

# cognitive theory what is Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

Answer 50

focuses on our development of moral thinking and tries to understand criminals’ thinking - It argues that our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of stages from childhood to adulthood

Question 51

# arrange these stages of right and wrong development into the right order * . i do it so you like me * . i do it because its the right thing to do * . i do it so i dont get in trouble * . i do it so i get something out of it * . i do it because of a social contract we have with eachother * . i do it because its the law and i respect it

Answer 51

1. i do it so i dont get into trouble 2. i do it so i get something out of it 3. i do it so you like me 4. i do it because it is law and i respect it 5. i do it because of a social contract we have with eachother 6. i do it because it is the right thing to do

Question 52

where is a criminals level of moral development?

Answer 52

a low developed less mature level than everyone else

Question 53

according to Kohlberg’s moral development theory how does a criminal think (in terms of their morals)

Answer 53

criminals think in terms of punishment and reward rather than right or wrong or how it might affect others, making them more likely to offend

Question 54

what are the three catagories of our development of morals & the age range they apply to?

Answer 54

1. pre-conventional (up to age 6) 2. conventional (age 7 to 11) 3. post conventional (age 11+)