Indonesia Flashcards
(23 cards)
What were the main drivers of nationalism in colonial Indonesia?
Anti-colonial sentiment, economic exploitation by the Dutch, exposure to Western education, and the influence of global nationalist movements.
How did the Dutch implement a “divide and rule” strategy to maintain control over Indonesia?
By favoring certain ethnic groups, supporting local rulers, and restricting national unity through the “Ethical Policy.”
What was the significance of the Budi Utomo movement in Indonesian nationalism?
It was the first indigenous nationalist organization (founded in 1908), promoting Javanese education and unity.
A prominent Indonesian socio-political organization founded in 1912, initially as a cooperative of Muslim Javanese batik traders
Sarekat Islam
How did the Sarekat Islam contribute to nationalist movements?
It mobilized Indonesian Muslims, promoted economic self-reliance, and resisted Dutch economic control.
How did the Dutch colonial government influence regionalism in Indonesia?
By governing through local elites and maintaining separate administrative systems for different regions.
What economic factors contributed to regional disparities in colonial Indonesia?
Java was developed as an agricultural hub, while Sumatra and Kalimantan were exploited for natural resources.
What role did local rulers (priyayi and sultans) play in regional governance under Dutch rule?
They acted as intermediaries, enforcing Dutch policies while maintaining local influence.
How did the Japanese occupation (1942-1945) impact regionalism and nationalism in Indonesia?
It intensified nationalist sentiment, weakened Dutch control, and militarized local resistance groups.
What was the impact of Suharto’s centralization policies on regionalism?
It concentrated power in Jakarta, suppressed local autonomy, and increased tensions in resource-rich provinces.
How did the fall of Suharto in 1998 change the political structure of Indonesia?
It led to decentralization, democratization, and greater regional autonomy.
How has ethnic diversity influenced Indonesia’s national identity?
It has created a rich cultural heritage but also ethnic tensions and regionalism.
How does the Indonesian government promote national unity despite ethnic diversity?
Through the national motto “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity) and policies like Pancasila.
What was the role of the Indonesian military (TNI) during the struggle for independence (1945-1949)?
It fought against Dutch forces in the Indonesian National Revolution.
How did the military consolidate its political role under Sukarno’s “Guided Democracy” (1957-1965)?
It became heavily involved in governance, with top military officials holding political positions.
How did the military justify its involvement in politics under the New Order regime?
Through the Dwifungsi (Dual Function) doctrine, which gave the military both security and political roles.
What was the “Dual Function” (Dwifungsi) doctrine in the Indonesian military?
A policy allowing the military to hold both security and political power.
It led to military reforms, including the removal of military seats in parliament.
The 1998 Reformasi period
What reforms were implemented to separate the military from politics post-1998?
The TNI was banned from formal political participation, and its business interests were reduced.
What is the role of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) today?
It focuses on national defense, counterterrorism, and disaster relief, with limited political influence.
What are the main causes of separatist movements in Aceh and Papua?
Resource exploitation, historical grievances, and human rights abuses. The Free Papua Movement (OPM) continues to demand independence, leading to military interventions.
How does Indonesia’s approach to nationalism compare with that of other Southeast Asian nations?
How does Indonesia’s approach to nationalism compare with that of other Southeast Asian nations?
What are the key differences between Indonesia’s military and the military in neighboring Malaysia or Thailand?
Indonesia’s military has weaker political influence than Thailand’s but more independence than Malaysia’s.
