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Indonesia Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Asian Financial Crisis?

A

1997

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2
Q

What is national unity?

A

Political unity
Social cohesion
Economic equity

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3
Q

Santri Muslims

A

Ascribed to very pure form of Islam

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4
Q

Abangan Muslims

A

Ascribed to localised islam (Combined with traditions)

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5
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the non-pribumi chinese?

A

Transformed into pariah (outcast) status
Had their cultural identities repressed
Separateness institutionalised through legislation and political exclusion

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6
Q

What was the New Order regime like?

A

Defined the Indonesian nation more narrowly as an indigenous nation.
Processes of discrimination and assimilation were intensified and institutionalised, and sealed by military coercion and a repressive state apparatus.

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7
Q

What caused the government to move away from the assimilationist approach towards multi-culturalism?

A

Severe riots of 1998

Domestic and international pressure to redress the issue

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8
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the Santri Muslim Movement?

A

Repressed

The state actively sought ways to eliminate Islam as the basis of political organisation

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9
Q

(New Order Regime) What happened to the small marginal groups in the Outer Islands?

A

Saw unprecedented intervention in their livelihoods with state penetration of less accessible areas

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10
Q

What happened under President Habibie?

A

Many discriminatory policies repealed

Brought an end to the use of terms “pribumi” in all official programmes and policies

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11
Q

What did President Habibie do in 1999?

A

Introduced a new regional autonomy law that allowed separatist stated to maintain a distinct identity, while remaining as part of the Indonesian state

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12
Q

What did democratisation and relaxation of political control do?

A

Provided opportunities for the promotion of secession, which East Timor eventually succeeded in
Ethnonationalism and religious identities sharpened and erupted into violence (led to riots in 1999)

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13
Q

What were the key national symbols?

A

National language (Bahasa Indonesia)
National anthem
National flag

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14
Q

Pancasila

A 
Belief in one god 
National unity
Humanism 
Social justice
Democracy
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15
Q

“Belief in One God”

A

Aimed at embracing all religious Indonesians, idea of religious freedom and religious pluralism was guaranteed

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16
Q

How was Pancasila spread across Indonesia as a necessary basis for preserving unity?

A

Public speeches, declarations
Made a compulsory subject in school
Obliged all civil servants and businessmen to take the course and pass the examination

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17
Q

Repression to promote Pancasila

A

Ethnic, racial, religious and tribal issues not to be publicly discussed (SARA)
Newspapers, radio and tv stations reminded by Ministry of Information to be responsible in reporting of news

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18
Q

Who opposed to Pancasila?

A

Santri parties

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19
Q

Why was there Santri opposition to Pancasila?

A

They wanted Islam’s role to go beyond a religious force to be a political force

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20
Q

What did the Santri parties do?

A

Joined Darul Islam movement who advocated armed rebellion to promote an Islamic state

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21
Q

How was the Islamic state question put down?

A

By force:
Nasution’s forces reasserted Jakarta’s control
Masjumi banned in 1960
Parliament replaced by guided democracy

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22
Q

Actions of distrust towards Islamic groups by Suharto

A

Placed many abangan Muslims and Christians in the top core of military
Successive cabinets in New Order years marked by Christian-abangan dominance who occupied key positions in government

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23
Q

Example of use of state instruments to repress Islamic demands and contain religious conflict

A

1985 Tanjong Priok affair
Military fired at large crowds of Muims gathered to protest the government’s forcing of PPP to relinquish Islam as its basic ideology, and to remove the symbol of the Muslim shrine from their banner

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24
Q

Why was Islamisation adopted?

A

Suharto reversed New Order’s orientation (prev denied Islamic interests) due to losing support

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25
Creation of ICMI
Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals, gave Muslims an official political platform to organise themselves
26
Policy shifts in Islamisation (1980s-90s)
Students allowed to wear hijab Creation of Islamic bank Nomination of santri Muslims in 1993 cabinet
27
Impacts of Islamisation
Increasingly numerous religious conflict | Subsequent displacement of Christians from their former positions
28
(Example) Islamisation: Ambon
Muslims placed in all of the most important positions within regional bureaucracy Regional heads of national departments (education/health), previously domains of Christians, replaced by Muslims
29
Name the three political parties under the National Party System
Golkar (State-sponsored, military-dominated) PPP (Fusion of Islamic parties) PDI (Secular nationalist parties and Christian parties)
30
When was the law that required all political organisations to subscribe to Pancasila?
1984
31
Implementation of national language
All state schools in Indonesia used the national language (While ethnic languages were permitted to be taught in local schools) Education to be conducted in Bahasa Indonesia from third grade on
32
Standardised curriculum
Courses at primary level emphasised Pancasila, Indonesia's national history, heroes and symbols Learning of national songs, national school uniforms Same textbooks across country
33
Aims of Transmigation (1968)
Promote national integration by increasing contact between different ethnic groups Alleviate population pressure in Java, opening Outer Islands to development
34
Impact of Transmigration
Strengthened ethnic identities and animosities towards other groups Balance of representation disrupted
35
(Example/Transmigration) Migrants had different religious/ethnic identities: Maluku
Christians used to be slightly more than Muslims but migration brought proportion of Muslims to 56.8% by 1990
36
(Example/Transmigration) Economic deprivation and displacement of local communities Central Kalimantan
Granting of long term logging rights and timbre concessions that came with transmigrants diminished the Dayaks' customary use of the forest land Land area reduced from 84%-56% from 1970 to 1999
37
(Example/Transmigration) Accelerating influx of Javanese/Balinese civil servants at expense of local political representation: Flores
Many Javanese, Balinese and non-Florinese filled positions in Flores' expanding local bureaucracy with creation of national departments Florinese had difficulty accessing training programmes for the civil service/military
38
Name the isolated communities
``` Tribal communities (Dayaks) Chinese ```
39
Even after citizenship rights were granted to the Chinese during the New Order regime,
Their marginalisation became even more pronounced as legislation and policies differentiated and excluded all Indonesians of Chinese origins
40
Discriminatory policies against Chinese
Regulation of foreign schools (Scrutinise textbooks, interference of recruitment) Majority of Chinese schools closed in 1958 All Chinese newspapers banned in 1960
41
Economic policies against Chinese
Regulations imposed to indigenise rice mills and harbour facilities PP10 policy
42
PP10 Policy
Banned Chinese from retailing business in villages/townships from 1 Jan 1960
43
Political discrimination against Chinese
Only a few handpicked Chinese were in the national and regional parliaments None appointed as ministers/other high offices
44
Assimilationist policies against Chinese
Chinese schools closed down/converted to national schools by 1966 Chinese names changed to Indonesian-sounding names Confucianism removed as official religion, had to convert to either Christianity or Islam No temples to be built Publication of chinese characters made illegal Public performances (lion dance/puppet show) banned
45
What happened during the Anti-Chinese Riots 1998?
Chinese Indonesians targeted Hundreds killed, dozens of women raped Mass looting in Chinese owned shops, widespread destruction of Chinese property
46
Why did the Anti-Chinese Riots 1998 happen?
Discriminatory policies | Chinese-owned conglomerates blamed for AFC
47
Removal of discriminatory policies against Chinese under President Wahid
``` Chinese papers, schools and Mandarin courses allowed to operate Confucianism's status reinstated Lunar New Year made holiday Chinese reintroduced to politics Discriminatory acts punishable by law ```
48
What was the role of military force in East Timor, Irian Jaya and Aceh?
Quell resistance | Intimidate population from joining opposition group
49
(Example) Military violence: East Timor
TNI opened fire on peaceful demonstration in Dili on 12 November 1991
50
Example) Military violence: Irian Jaya
In 1977, military dropped napalm on villages when 15000 people rose in opposition
51
Example) Military violence: Aceh
On July 1990, 6000 troops sent to supplement the existing 6000 to weed out GAM forces (that numbered a few hundred) Torture, killings, arrests, lined up bodies
52
Example) Economic exploitation: East Timor
Military rewarded with commercial monopolies (coffee/cloves) | Local producers forced yo sell goods at low prices to village cooperatives
53
Example) Economic exploitation: Irian Jaya
Rich copper and gold deposits mined by government for huge profits No gov budget directed to improvement of Papuans' lives, went to administrative costs, roads, transmigration
54
Example) Economic exploitation: Aceh
Large revenues from large natural gas reserves barely reached population >70% of Acehnese employed in agriculture
55
Example) Assimilation: East Timor
Indonesian curriculum introduced, with aspects of common culture promoted in classrooms
56
Example) Assimilation: Irian Jaya
Made primary destination for transmigrants | Campaigns to encourage the abandonment of penis sheaths and wear modern clothes instead
57
Example) Assimilation: Aceh
National integration promoted with prohibiting implementation of Islamic Law
58
What was the Free Papuan Movement?
Operated on guerilla tactics and kidnapping/hit-and-run attacks to raise attention
59
Impact of Free Papuan Movement (Irian Jaya)
Nationalism kept alive Habibie lifted status of Military Operations Region Special autonomy law and regional autonomy laws granted in October 2001
60
What was the Free Aceh Movement? (1980s)
Armed forces' continuous presence to protect industrial plants and relative poverty of Acehnese
61
What happened after Aceh was designated a Military Operations Region?
Population suffered under military excesses | Violence ended with signing of peace treaty in 2002, granting Aceh special autonomy and implementation of Islamic law

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