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LEED ID&C > Indoor Environmental Quality > Flashcards

Indoor Environmental Quality Flashcards

1
Q

Floor Area Calculations & Floor Plans

A

Based on % of Floor Area

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2
Q

Space Categorization

A

Identify User Type & Activity Performed

Create table of all rooms & spaces and identify:

  • Ventilation Strategy
  • Net occupiable space
  • Occupancy Category
  • Polluting Level (if foreign project) using CEN Standard
  • Design Occupancy
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3
Q

Occupied vs Unoccupied

A

Occupied : Enclosed for human activity

Unoccupied : Only for a Short Period of Time (Inactive)

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4
Q

Regularly Occupied vs Non-regularly Occupied

A

Regularly : 1 hr of continuous occupancy per person per day

Non-regularly : Pass Through or used less than one hour per person per day

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5
Q

Occupied Space Sub-categories

A

Individual : Distinct Tasks are Performed

Shared Multi-occupant : Collaborative Tasks by a Group

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6
Q

Density of Occupied Space

A

Dense : 25 persons / 1,000 ft2 (93 m2) OR 40 ft2 (3.7 m2) or less per person

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7
Q

Tricky Spaces

A 
Residential
Auditoriums
Gyms
Transport Terminals
Dorms/Military Barracks
Industrial Facilities
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8
Q

Mechanically Ventilated Spaces : Case 1

A

CASE 1 : Systems able to meet required outdoor airflow rates

Option 1 : ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010

  • Determine minimum outdoor air intake (more stringent between ASHRAE or local standard)
  • Meet the requirements of Section 4-7

Option 2: CEN Standards EN 15251-2007 & EN 13779-2007 (Foreign Projects)

  • Determine minimum outdoor air requirements 15251-2007
  • Meet requirements for 13779-2007 for ventilation
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9
Q

Mechanically Ventilated Spaces : Case 2

A
  • Complete engineering assessment of the system’s max outdoor air delivery rate
  • Supply max to reach minimum setpoint in Case 1
  • 10 ft3/min per person
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10
Q

Naturally Ventilated Spaces

A
  • Determine minimum using ASHRAE Standards 62.1-2010 or local equivalent
  • Use flow diagram in CIBSE
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11
Q

Monitoring : Mechanically Ventilated Spaces

A
  • Provide device to measure the min outdoor air intake flow with +/- 10% accuracy
  • Alarm when airflow rate value exceeds 15% from setpoint
  • Monitoring does not have to be dedicated to project spaces, but each system must have a measurement device
  • Monitor can be installed at the outdoor air vent…but ventilation rates must be calculated for each terminal device
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12
Q

Min Indoor Air Quality Performance

A

Pre-Requisite

Includes Ventilation & Monitoring

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13
Q

Monitoring : Naturally Ventilated Spaces

A

Comply with 1:

Option 1

  • Direct exhaust airflow device with +/- 10% of the design min exhaust airflow rate
  • Alarm when airflow varies by 15% or more from setpoint

Option 2

  • Provide automatic indication devices on all openings
  • Alarm when openings are closed

Option 3

  • Monitor CO2 within each thermal zone
  • Installed between 3-6 feet above the floor
  • Alarm with audible or light to alert when varies to 10% or more from setpoint
  • Setpoints outlined as in ASHRAE 62.1-2010, Appendix C
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14
Q

Behind the Intent of IAQ

A

Requirements vary by:
Space Type
Building Type
Project Type

Ventilation element as part of the pre-req credit required if HVAC is part of landlord space or controlled by the tenant, but Monitoring is only required for the systems in the project scope of work.

Existing HVAC systems may need a performance assessment.

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15
Q

Determine HVAC System Configuration

A
  • Zone Configuration
  • Ventilation Design
  • Air Temperature
  • Supply System
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16
Q

Calculate Required Outdoor Airflow (Option 1)

A
  • Ventilation Rate Procedure for each system
  • Include all occupied spaces
  • Perform Ventilation Rate Procedure Calculations
  • Document Assumptions
  • Respond to any varying conditions
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17
Q

Meeting Minimum Requirements (Option 1)

A
  • Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Section 4-7
  • Confirm project is in area for fine particulate matter and filters of MERV 11 or higher have been installed
  • Confirm if ozone exceeds the concentration of 0.107 ppm and will have air-cleaning devices installed
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18
Q

Naturally Vented Spaces (& Mixed-Mode Systems)

A
  • Confirm effectiveness with CIBSE
  • Do flow chart path for the project
  • Determine ceiling heights
  • Locate vent openings and size
  • Use ASHRAE 62.1-2010 to determine calculation results (Section 6.4 doesn’t apply if project has been approved by local authority)
  • Confirm exhaust vent requirements
  • Determine if exceptions are warranted
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19
Q

Natural Vented Spaces Monitoring

A
  • Airflow devices installed at the exhaust locations
  • Provide cutsheets, plans and control sequences and diagrams
  • Identify all windows, louvers and vents
  • Alarm for each opening
  • C02 sensors in each thermal zone (breathing zone)
  • Determine setpoints using ASHRAE 62.1
  • Alarm for each sensor when exceeded by 10%
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20
Q

Shared Ventilation Systems

A
  • Account for total system population, area, supply air and outdoor air volume
  • Perform floor area weighted calculations to determine the required outdoor air ventilation rates
  • % of outdoor air by volume may be used if provided to the project space to calculate requirement
  • Vent rate only required for the project space
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21
Q

Existing Ventilation Systems

A

If project space cannot meet requirements, Case 2 applies.

  • Provide engineering assessment
  • Determine max outdoor air volume
  • Confirm that ventilation system provides max amount of outdoor air at 10 ft3/min/person
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22
Q

Natural Ventilation Exceptions

A

Mechanical systems must be included unless one of the following applies:

  • Vent openings are permanently open
  • Include controls that prevent them from being closed during occupation
  • Zone not served by heating or cooling equipment
  • System is engineered and approved by local authority
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23
Q

Ventilation Zone Defined by ASHRAE 62.1-2010

A

Similar:

  • Occupancy Category
  • Occupancy Density
  • Zone Air Distrbution Effectiveness
  • Zone Primary Airflow per unit area
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24
Q

Mechanical Ventilation Systems

A

Single-zone : one system serving one type, mixed ventilation + conditioned air
100% outdoor air systems : only outdoor air to multiple ventilation zones, cannot have recirculating systems within various ventilated zones
Multiple-zone recirculating system : mixed outdoor air + recirculating air to various ventilated zones (VAV system or rooftop system)

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25
Q

Calculation Procedures

A
  • USGBC calculator
  • ASHRAE’s 62MZCalc Spreadsheet
  • Energy Modeling Software
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26
Q

Critical Zone

A

Zone with the highest proportion of required outdoor air to provided supply air (high density spaces)

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27
Q

Multiple Zone System Considerations

A
  • System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) : accounts for inefficiencies when zones have different ratios of outdoor air
    {Result: increase air supply to the critical areas, or for VAV increase the flow rate}
  • Diversity Factor : consideration of movement of people between spaces
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28
Q

Variable Operating Conditions Considerations

A
  • Time average population : peak occupancy over a short period
  • Dynamic reset : variable outdoor air flow aligning to operating conditions
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29
Q

Campus

A

Group : Seperate Documentation for each Project Space

Campus : Ineligible

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30
Q

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control (ETS)

A

Prerequisite Applies to All

  • Prohibits smoking by all occupants and users inside and outside the building
  • Designated smoking areas at least 25ft (7.5 m) from all entries, air intakes, operable windows
  • Prohibit beyond property line in spaces used for business
  • Exception if only a code violation
  • Signage provided within 10 ft (3m) of all building entrances
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31
Q

Enhanced Indoor Air Quality

A

1-2 Points (Commercial Interiors & Hospitality)

1-3 Points (Retail)

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32
Q

Enhanced IAQ (Option 1)

A

1 Point

  • Mechanically Vent Spaces : Entryway Systems, Interior Cross-Contamination Prevention, Filtration
  • Naturally Vent Spaces : Entryway systems, natural vent design calculations
  • Mixed-mode Systems : All of the above + mixed-mode design calcs

Entryway Systems : 10ft / 3m of entry mats to capture dirt, maintained weekly
Interior Cross-Contamination Prevention : Exhaust each space, provide self-closing doors, full height partitions, hard ceilings
Filtration : MERV 13 or higher or Class F7, replace after construction and before occupancy
Natural Ventilation : Aligns with CIBSE Manual AM10, March 2005
Mixed Mode Design Calcs : Complies with CIBSE 13-2000

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33
Q

Enhanced IAQ (Option 2)

A

1-2 (Retail) points

Mech Vent : exterior contamination or increased ventilation or CO2 monitoring or additional source control & monitoring
Nat Vent : exterior contamination or additional source control & monitoring or natural ventilation room by room calcs
Mixed-mode : exterior contamination or increased ventilation or additional source control or natural room by room calcs

Exterior Contamination : Outdoor air contaminant concentrations are below NAAQS standards by annual average, 8 or 24 average where an annual standard does not existing or rolling 3 month average
Increased Ventilation : Increase outdoor air ventilation in breathing zones by at least 30% above minimum rates
C02 monitoring : Monitor within all densely occupied spaces with alarm if exceeded more than 10% of setpoint
Source Control & Monitoring : Increase monitoring of additional air contaminates with alarm when unusual or unsafe
Room by Room Calculations : CIBSE AM10, Section 4

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34
Q

Enhanced IAQ Exemplary Performance

A

Get Option 1 + Option 2 + Option 2 Additional Strategy

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35
Q

Densely Occupied Space

A

25 people per 1000 ft2 (93 m2)

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36
Q

Acoustic Performance

A

2 points (excludes Retail)

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37
Q

HVAC Background

A
  • Calculate or measure sound levels
  • Achieve maximum background noise levels from HVAC systems
  • Compny with design criteria as per ASHRAE 2011 Applications Handbook
  • ASHRAE HVAC Applications
  • AHRI Standard 885-2008
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38
Q

Sound Transmission

A
  • Meeting sound transmission class (STCc) ratings

- Varies according to chart

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39
Q

Reverberation Time

A
  • Meet int Table 2 from Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings
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40
Q

Sound Reinforcement and Masking Systems

A

Sound Reinforcement

  • For 50+ occupancy of rooms
  • Speech Transmission Index (STI) of .60 or common intelligibility scale (CIS) rating of .77
  • 70dBA minimum sound level
  • cover of +/-3 dB at the 2000 Hz octave

Masking Systems

  • Not exceed 48dBA
  • cover of +/- 2dB athte speech spectra are masked
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41
Q

Total Sound Absorption for a Room

A

Total Sound Absorption = (SA Coefficient * Total Surface Area + …. + …)

… = same calculation for each material
- Done for each of the 3 frequencies (500, 1000, 2000 Hz)

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42
Q

Reverberation Time Calculation

A 
Reverberation Time (IP) = 0.049 * (volume [ft3] / total sound absorption)
Reverberation Time (SI) = 0.161 * (volume [m3] / total sound absorption)
  • Done for each room
  • Done for each of the 3 frequencies (500, 1000, 2000 Hz)
  • Must meet the T60 (sec) requirement (Table 2)
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43
Q

Sound Transmission Class (STC) Ratings

A
  • Provided by manufacturers

- Impacted by penetrations of doors and windows

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44
Q

Sound Masking Systems

A
  • Control no more than 1000 ft2 per zone
  • Consider ramping up during the day
  • Should not make any apparent noise
  • Noises masked are below 48 dBA (ASTM E1130)
  • Make sure system is measured and evaluated
  • Consideration on procedures and reporting through ASTM Standard E1573
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45
Q

Low-Emitting Materials

A

1-3 Points

  • Reduce concentrations of chemical contaminates
  • Includes review of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
  • 7 categories indoor & outdoor
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46
Q

Low-Emitting Materials (Option 1)

A

Product Category Calculations

6 Categories : Paints / Adhesives / Flooring / Composite Wood / Insulation / Furniture)
Thresholds : 90% volume / 100% VOC content
Requirements : Evaluations / VOC content

Points:
Categories : 3 / 5 / 6
Points: 1 / 2 / 3

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47
Q

Low-Emitting Materials (Option 2)

A

Budget Calculation Method

Categories : Flooring / Ceilings / Walls / Insulation / Furniture
Percentage of Total : 50-70% / 70-90% / 90%+
Points : 1 / 2 / 3

Total % Compliant = (% category 1 + % category 2 + etc / 5)

Flooring/Ceilings/Walls/Insulation System Percentage Compliant = (compliant surface are of layer 1 + compliant surface area of layer 2 + etc / total surface area layer 1 + total surface area of layer 2 + etc.) * 100

Furniture Systems Compliant = (0.5 x cost compliant with ANSI 7.6.1/BIFMA + cost complaint with ANSI 7.6.2 of ANSI/BIFMA / total furniture cost) * 100

Assembly must be 50%+ compliant to count for 100% compliant for the system

48
Q

Low-Emitting Materials Manufacturer’s Claims

A
  • 1st Party & 3rd Party Statements of Product Compliance
  • Follows CDPH SM V1.1-2010
  • Accredited under ISO Guide 65
  • Labs accredited under ISO/IEC 17025
49
Q

Inherently Non-emitting Sources

A

Products that do not include integral organic-based surface coatings, binders or sealants

50
Q

General Emissions Evaluation

A
  • In accordance with CDPH V1.1-2010 or German AgBB Testing or ISO 16000-3:2010 or DIBt testing method
  • Must state the exposure scenario, with default being private offices
  • Wet-applied products must state mass per surface area
  • Range of total VOCs after 14 days : 0.5 mg/m3 or less / 0.5-5.0 / 5.0+
51
Q

VOC Content in Wet Applied Products

A
  • Paints and Coatings : set by CARB 2007 / SCM or SCAQMD Rule 1113
  • Adhesives and sealants : set by SAQMD Rule 1168, subject to state or federal consumer product VOC regulations
  • Foreign projects : set as per European Decopaint Directive / Canadian VOC Concentration Limits / Hong Kong Pollution Control
  • Any compound larger than 1% weight by mass must be disclosed
  • If not tested as above, must comply with ASTM D2369-10 / ISO 11890, Part 1 / ASTM D6886-03 / ISO 11890-2
  • Methylene chloride and perchloroethylene may not be added
52
Q

Composite Wood Evaluation

A
  • Low formaldehyde emissions
  • Comply with California Air Resources Board ATCM
  • Does not exceed limit of 0.05 ppm of formaldehyde
  • Salvaged and reused architectural millwork is considered compliant (if meets codes of treatments)
53
Q

Furniture Evaluation

A
  • Testing with ANSI/BIFMA Standard Method M7.1-2011
  • ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011, Section 7.6.1 for half credit by cost
  • ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011, Section 7.6.2 for full credit by cost
  • Use either the Concentration Modeling approach or Emissions Factor Approach
  • Furniture more than one year old is considered compliant (meeting requirements for paint/coatings/adhesives/sealants)
54
Q

Specifying Low or Non-emitting Finishes & Furniture

A

Non-emitting products (stone / ceramic / plated or anodized or powder coated metals / glass /concrete / clay brick / untreated or unfinished wood flooring)
Self Declared Product Compliance Documentation (MSDS, test reports)
Third Party Certification (must state testing methodology and the model)

55
Q

Construction Submittals

A
  • Preconstruction meetings to review LEED requirements and product procurement
  • Substitutions to be reviewed by all parties
56
Q

Selecting Best Option

A
  • Partial credit cannot be combined with another category
  • If minimum % cannot be achieved, selection Option 2
  • Option 2 more flexible with partial credit for materials can be combined
  • Option 2 allows more points potentially than Option 1 even if a reasonable pathway
57
Q

CDPH Standard Method v1.1

A
  • Emissions testing and requirements of all products, except furniture
  • Requires the disclosure of the range of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)
  • General indicator in combination with individual VOC measurements
58
Q

CARB ATCM Composite Wood Formaldehyde Regulation

A
  • From composite wood products

- More stringent requirements for ULEF resins or non added formaldehyde

59
Q

ANSI/BIFMA Standards

A
  • All furniture VOC emissions testing
60
Q

German AgBB Testing and Evaluation Scheme

A
  • International Standards
  • 10 ug/m2 at 28 days
  • Different exposure scenarios
  • 6 times more individual VOC requirements than the CDPH
  • Can be combined with the ISO 16000 standards
61
Q

Low-Emitting Materials : Campus

A

Group : Documented as one

Campus : Ineligible

62
Q

Low-Emitting Materials : Exemplary Performance

A

Option 1 : Earn All Points + Reach 100% of Products

Option 2 : Reach 100% of Products

63
Q

Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan

A

1 Point

  • Minimizing Indoor Air Quality associated with construction and renovation
  • Produce and IAQ Management Plan
64
Q

Indoor Air Quality Management Plan (IAQ)

A
  • Meet SMACNA IAQ GUidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction + ANSI/SMACNA 008-2008
  • Protect Absorptive Materials stored on-site and installed from moisture damage
  • Do not operate HVAC unless filter has MERV 8
  • Replace all filters post construction
  • Prohibit tobacco products within 25 ft (7.5m) from building entrance
65
Q

Integrate SMACNA Control Measures

A
  • Include in Project Drawings & Specifications
  • Paints & coatings must be consistent with SMACNA
  • Protect HVAC materials
  • Work with all design team members and construction team
66
Q

Develop Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Plan

A
  • Procedures for protecting materials
  • Non-smoking policy
  • Use of HVAC and filtration if required
  • Jobsite management and SMACNA guidelines
  • Checklist also acceptable
67
Q

Implement Indoor Air Quality Plan

A
  • Started before construction, material delivery, roughing in HVAC systems
  • Take pictures of each IAQ measure and materials being protective, annotate
  • Identify key players
  • Include contract agreements
  • Share plan with subcontractors
  • Progress check-ins as part of weekly meetings & safety meetings
  • Copy of the plan on site, in local languages
  • Checklist that plan is being followed periodically
68
Q

HVAC Protection

A
  • Use supplementary HVAC units instead of permanently installed equipment
  • Install filtration if building HVAC is used
  • Seal all ductwork incomplete or not in service
  • Replace filters prior to occupancy
  • Avoid storage in HVAC rooms
69
Q

Source Control

A
  • Use low-toxic and low-VOC materials
  • Isolate where high-toxic are installed with temp ventilation
  • Prevent exhaust fumes
  • No smoking policy
  • Protect materials in dry areas
  • Limit mold contamination
70
Q

Pathway Interruption

A
  • Prevent contamination during construction works which emit dust
  • Isolate working areas with sealed off areas
  • Depressurize work area, exhaust to the outdoors using 100% outside air
  • Use dust guards and collectors on tools
71
Q

Housekeeping

A
  • Daily cleaning

- Organized materials to also improve job site safety & air quality

72
Q

Scheduling

A
  • Coordinate construction activities to minimize disruption to occupied spaces
  • Trades with impact to IAQ separated to minimize air quality overload
  • Install absorptive materials after wet-applied materials are dry to prevent cross contamination
  • Allow for air flush-out and IAQ testing
  • Replace filters with new
73
Q

International Tips

A
  • MERV or Class F5 or higher
  • CEN Standard EN 779-2002
  • Minimum 30% dust spot efficiency or higher
  • Greater than 90% arrestance on a particle size of 3-10ug
74
Q

IAQ Construction Management Campus

A

Group : Documented as one, master IAQ Management Plan, Building Specific Guidelines, Photo documentation sampling
Campus : Ineligible

75
Q

Indoor Air Quality Assessment

A

1-2 Points

  • Better IAQ after construction during occupancy
  • Select 1 of 2 Options
  • After construction, after cleaning
76
Q

IAQ Assessment : Flush-Out (1 Point)

A 
Path 1 (before occupancy) : 14,000 ft3 outdoor air/ft2 of gross floor area while maintaining an internal temp of 60-80* and relative humidity of 60%; preferred if schedule permits
Path 2 (during occupancy) : 3,500 ft3 outdoor air/ft2, ventilated at minimum of 0.30 ft3 / ft2 of outdoor air or the design minimum outdoor air rate, whichever is greater. Maintained until a total of 14,000 ft3/ft2 of outdoor air has been delivered; start 3 hours before daily occupancy and continue throughout the day

Provide final report with conditions, method, log of date/time/humidity/temp, air volume used and how
Project schedule dependent
Every occupied space to be included
Supplemental units can be used
Commissioning can occur during flush-out as long as contaminates aren’t a risk
Restart required if any works continue
If various HVAC systems, each area can be flushed out on a different schedule
If using building HVAC system, replace filters

77
Q

IAQ Assessment : Air Testing (2 points)

A
  • After construction, before occupancy
  • Standard ventilation conditions
  • Conduct baseline IAQ testing for all occupied spaces
  • ASTM standard method / EPA compendium methods / ISO methods
  • Labs that conduct tests must be ISO/IEC 17025 accredition
  • Retail can do within 14 days of occupancy
  • If sampling exceeds limit, retest for noncompliant contaminants

Project Budget Pending, Quicker than Flush Out

78
Q

Best IAQ Results

A
  • 14 days
  • All FFE installed
  • Any VOCs done during punch list to be done
  • Complete testing and balancing of HVAC system
  • Clean all duct work and interiors with low VOC products
  • Vacuum with HEPA filtrations
79
Q

Option 1 : Flush-out before Occupancy Calculation

A

Area x 14,000 ft3/ft2 = ft3 of outdoor air required

Area x 4,267 l/m2 = l of outdoor air required

80
Q

Option 2 : Flush-out before Occupancy Calculation

A

Area x 3,500 ft3/ft2 = ft3 of outdoor air needed

Area x 1,066,260 l/m2 = l of outdoor air needed

81
Q

Option 2 : Flush-out during Occupancy Calculation

A

Area x 10,5000 ft23/ft2 = ft3 of outdoor air needed during occupancy to complete flush-out

Area x 3,200,800 l/m2 = l3 of outdoor air needed during occupancy to complete flush-out

82
Q

Option 1 & 2 : Flush-out Duration Calculation

A

(Area x 14,000) / (Air Handler Capacity / 1,440 min/day) = Duration (Days)

(Area x 4,267,140) / (Air Handler Capacity / 86,400 sec/day) = Duration (Days)

83
Q

Indoor Air Quality Flush Out Campus

A

Group : For each project space

Campus : Ineligible

84
Q

Thermal Comfort

A

1 point

Option 1 : ASHRAE Standard 55-2010
or
Option 2 : ISO & CEN Standards

85
Q

Thermal Comfort Control

A
  • Provide individual thermal comfort controls for 50% of individual occupant spaces
  • Provide group thermal comfort controls for all shared multi-occupant spaces
  • Hospitals : assumed to be included and not in the credit calculations
  • Retail : only required in occupant office and admin areas
86
Q

Thermal Comfort Primary Factors

A
  1. Surface Temperature
  2. Air Temperature
  3. Humidity
  4. AIr Movement
  5. Metabolic Rate
  6. Clothing
87
Q

Thermal Comfort Thresholds

A

+/- 5F (3 F) of local temperature control

2.7-7% productivity gains

88
Q

Thermal Comfort Steps

A
  1. Establish Thermal Comfort Goals
  2. Select Conditioning System
    3 Select Comfort Controls
  3. Select Thermal Comfort Standard
89
Q

Comfort Controls

A
  • Thermostats, ceiling fans, adjustable underfloor diffusers, humidifiers, operable windows
  • Zoning
  • At least one group thermal comfort control in each shared multi-occupant space
90
Q

ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 Analysis Method

A
  • Section 5.2, Methods for Acceptable Conditions in Occupied Spaces
    • Select one or more methods
      • Graphic Comfort Zone
      • Computer Model
      • Graphic Elevated Air Speed Method
      • SET Method
  • Section 5.3, Optional Method for Determining Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Naturally COnditioned Spaces
  • Mixed-mode spaces, for seasonal conditioning to be documented seperately
91
Q

Thermal Comfort Analysis

A
  • Estimate occupants clothing and activity levels
  • Program the temp/humidity/air speed for each area
  • Calculate any local discomfort sources
  • If considering fresh air, include outdoor temp
  • Compare indoor temps with comfort zone boundaries
92
Q

Design HVAC Systems

A
  • Design accordingly to provide solutions to spaces at risk for thermal discomfort
  • Section 6.1, requires to be within the acceptable comfort range at all combinations of conditions
93
Q

Thermal Comfort Option 2

A
  • Select Building Category
  • PMV = predicted mean value, index of thermal comfort
  • PPD = predicted percentage of people dissatisfied
94
Q

Thermal Comfort Option 2 Analysis

A
  • ISO 7730-2005
  • Appendices A & C for recommended values for temp, humidity and air speed
  • Annex E for PMV for spaces with 50% relative humidity
  • Section 4.1 or Annex D for calculating PMV
  • Section 6, Annex A, Section A.3 for discomfort zones (draughts, vertical air temp difference, floor surface temps)
95
Q

Thermal Comfort Option 2 Design

A

ISO 7730-2005, Section A.2

-

96
Q

Occupant-Controlled Natural Conditioned Spaces

A

ASRAE 55-2010, Section 5.3 / EN 15251-2007, Section A.2

  • Metabolic rate 1.0-1.3
  • Occupants can adapt clothing
  • User controlled windows
  • No mech cooling installed
  • Outdoor air temp within rates
  • Natural conditioning cannot be applied to times of the year with heating system is operating
97
Q

Thermal Comfort Hospitality

A

Guest rooms assumed to be individually controlled, therefore excluded from calculations

98
Q

Thermal Comfort Retail

A

Applied only to occupant spaces in office and admin areas

99
Q

Areas with High Metabolic Rates

A
  • ASHRAE 55-2010, Normative Appendix A
  • Any space with rate of 2.0 MET or less be addressed using standard methods
  • Above 2.0 MET, ASHRAE doesn’t apply but spaces must be still addressed
  • ISO 7730-2005 relevant up to 4.0 MET
100
Q

Exceptions

A
  • Kitchens : address how project meets the intent
  • Fire Stations : If occupied align with LEED BD+C: Warehouses & Distribution Centers to include radiant flooring, circulating fans, passive systems, active cooling, hard-wired fans
  • Vehicle Repair/Military Buildings Facilities : LEED BD+C: W&D Centers
  • Natatoriums : Design with ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook, 2011 edition, Chapter 5, Places of Assemply, Typical Natatorium Design Conditions. Calculate accordingly
  • Residential : Only requires a single thermal comfort control
101
Q

Thermal Comfort Campus

A

Group : Separate for each project

Campus : Ineligible

102
Q

Interior Lighting

A

Office + Hospitality : 1-2 points
Retail : 2 points

Option 1 : Lighting Control
Option 2 : Lighting Quality

  • Select 1 or both
103
Q

Interior Lighting Option 1

A
  • 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls, 3 lighting levels
  • 100% of multi-occupant spaces
  • % is compliant individual occupant spaces is based on the number of spaces, not floor area
  • On / Off / Midlevel (30-70%)
  • Multi-zone control system
  • Lighting for presentation controlled separately
  • Switches in same location as luminaires
104
Q

Interior Lighting Hospitality

A

Guest rooms are not included in the credit calculations

105
Q

Interior Lighting Option 2

A

Select 4 Strategies
A Light fixtures with luminance of less than 2,500 cd/m2 between 45-90 degrees from nadir
B Use light sources with CRI of 80 or higher
C 75% of the light load, use sources that have a rated life of at lease 24,000 hours
D Use direct-only overhead lighting for 25% or less of the total light load
E 90% of floor area, surface reflectance of 85% for ceilings, 60% for walls, 25% for floors
F Furniture with surface reflectance of 45% of work surfaces and 50% for movable partitions
G 75% of floor area, illuminance ratio of wall to work surface not to exceed 1:10. Meet strategy E or F or surface reflectance of 60% for walls
H 75% of floor area average ceiling to work surface not exceed 1:10. Meet strategy E or F or surface reflectance of 85% for ceilings

106
Q

Interior Lighting Retail

A
  • 90% of floor area of office or admin occupied spaces, provide individual lighting control
  • Provide controls to reduce ambient light to mid-levels (30-70%)
107
Q

Interior Lighting Facts

A
  • 2,5000 candela/m2 is a level that prevents glare
  • 80 color rendering index mimics natural light
  • Long lamp life promotes use of longer-life lighting
  • Less direct-only overhead lighting minimizes glare
  • Surfaces with high reflectance makes a space brighter
  • Illuminance ratio less than 1:10 provides contrast
108
Q

Interior Lighting Campus

A

Group Approach : All spaces may be documented as one

Campus : Ineligible

109
Q

Daylight

A

1-3 Points

  • Connect to the Outdoors
  • Reinforce circadian rhythms
  • Reduce electrical lighting
110
Q

Daylighting Requirements

A
  • Provide manual or automatic glare-control devices for all regularly occupied spaces
  • Option 1 : Simulation Spatial Daylight Autonomy & Annual Sunlight Exposure (2-3 points)
  • Option 2 : Simulation Illuminance Calculations (1-2 points)
  • Option 3 : Measurement (2-3 points)
111
Q

Daylight Option 1

A
  • 2-3 points
  • Spatial Daylight autonomy of at least 55% / 75% or 90% is achieved
  • Occupied Floor Area (Hospitality use perimeter area)
  • 55% = 2 points / 75% = 3 points
  • Annual Sunlight autonomy of at least 10% achieved
112
Q

Daylight Option 2

A
  • 1-2 points
  • Illuminance between 300 lux and 3,000 lux for 9am - 3 pm
  • Regularly occupied floor area
  • 75% occupied floor area = 1 point / 90% floor area = 2 points
  • Calculate with meterorological year data & selected clearest sky condition day with 15 days of Sept 21 and Mar 21
  • Use average hourly value for the two days
  • Reflects actual site conditions
113
Q

Daylight Option 3

A
  • 2-3 points
  • Illuminance levels between 300-3,000 lux for floor area indicated
  • 75% = 2 points / 90% = 3 points
  • Post occupancy, measure when FFE is in place
    • 9am-3pm at appropriate work plane height
    • Larger than 150 ft2 with measurements on 10’ max grid
    • Less than 150 ft2 with measurement on 3’ max grid
  • Measurements taken one month and then 4-6 months later
  • Typical of renovations with minimal building envelope modifications
114
Q

Daylight Exclusions

A
  • Spaces where tasks are hindered by the use of daylight
115
Q

Glare Control Devices

A

Window blinds, shades, curtains, moveable exterior louvers, moveable screens, moveable awnings

116
Q

SDA Simulation Baseline Requirements

A
  • Exterior building geometry and obstructions
  • Site plan, location and context
  • Floor & furniture plan
  • Interior finishes and reflectance values
  • Glazing performance
  • Glare control devices
  • Project occupancy schedule
  • Local climate weather files
117
Q

Surface Reflectance

A
  • IES LM 83-112, Section 2.2.10
  • CIBSE’s Lighting Guide 11; Surface Reflectance & Colour Document
  • Illuminance meter
  • Spot illuminance meter
  • Reflectance = Illuminance/luminance in the space

LEED ID&C (11 decks)

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