indus

Question 1

mainly used in food processing,
chemical transformations, therapeutics and
molecular biology techniques.

Answer 1

Enzymes

Question 2

• The production of organic
  acid (citric acid, lactic acid) through
  microbial fermentations using less expensive
  raw material is also one of the major
  achievements of industrial microbiology.

Answer 2

Organic acids

Question 3

secondary metabolites of
microbes which are extensively used for
control of diseases caused by
microorganism

Answer 3

• Antibiotics

Question 4

• produced by microbial
  fermentations are widely used in
  pharmaceutical formulation.

Answer 4

• Vitamins

Question 5

microbial cells are rich
in protein and can be easily grown on
cheaper substrates and have application as
food and feed additives.

Answer 5

Single-cell proteins

Question 6

product of fermentation may be

Answer 6

a metabolite or biomass.

Question 7

are the intermediates and products of metabolism.

Answer 7

Metabolites

Question 8

a form of anaerobic respiration used primarily by yeasts when oxygen is not
present in sufficient quantity for normal cellular respiration.

Answer 8

Ethanol Fermentation

Question 9

the breakdown and re-assembly of biochemicals for industry, often in
aerobic growth conditions.

Answer 9

Industrial Fermentation

Question 10

• Chemical compounds formed during the growth phase of the microorganism.
• Necessary/required for the growth of the microorganism.

Answer 10

Primary metabolites

Question 11

• Chemical compounds formed near the end of growth phase, frequently at, or near in
  the stationary phase of growth.
• Not necessary for the growth of the microorganism

Answer 11

Secondary metabolites

Question 12

• In lactic acid fermentation, calcium carbonate is added to maintain the pH between

Answer 12

5.5-6.5

Question 13

• Overproduction of secondary metabolites is regulated by the s

Answer 13

structural genes

Question 14

Used for modification of biochemical pathways which ultimately overproduce a
particular metabolite and better utilization of media components.

Answer 14

Recombinant DNA Technology

Question 15

are organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way at
does not occur naturally, i.e. through the introduction of a gene from a different
organism.

Answer 15

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Question 16

An insect native to Europe that infects corn
and other important crops such as apples
and cotton.

Answer 16

Corn borer

Question 17

Bt corn bt is

Answer 17

Bacillus thuringiensi

Question 18

Bacillus thuringiensi has

Answer 18

• Produces crystals protein (cry proteins), which are toxic to many species of insect

Question 19

a DNA molecule found in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium that can be used to transfer genes into plant cells:

Answer 19

Ti plasmid, or tumor-inducing plasmid,

Question 20

in 1894, first time started the industrial production of digestive
enzyme (amylases) preparation by wheat bran koji culture of Aspergillus oryzae for
treating digestive disorders

Answer 20

• Jhokichi Takamine

Question 21

• Starch hydrolyzing enzymes a,and are mainly used in the
  production of sweeteners for the food industryHigher plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch (granules) which is
  composed of 20-30% amylose and 70-80% amylopectin.
• In order to utilize the sugar monomers in these complex carbohydrate molecule, the
  chemical structure must first be broken down using amylase enzymes.

Answer 21

Amylase

Question 22

are the enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of the
proteins. find their application in detergents, leather, food, pharmaceutical
industries and bioremediation processe

Answer 22

Proteases

Question 23

• responsible for the maintenance of the amino acid pool
  inside the cell by degrading the unwanted proteins

Answer 23

• Intracellular proteases -

Question 24

hydrolyze proteins outside the cells into peptides and
amino acid required by the cells for their growth.

Answer 24

• Extracellular protease

Question 25

hydrolyze the protein from C- or N-terminus releasing single amino acid.

Answer 25

Exopeptidases (peptidases) -

Question 26

hydrolyzes the peptide bond in the middle of the amino acid chain.

Answer 26

Endopeptidases (proteinases)

Question 27

These proteases have serine at the active site, and are not inhibited by EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), but are inhibited by DFP (diisopropyl flurophosphate These proteases are stable at high temperature, active in alkaline pH (9-11) and stable in presence of chelating and perborates, which is an important characteristic of these enzyme for use in detergents.

Answer 27

Industrial Enzymes: Alkaline Protease

Question 28

proteases are obtained from plants (cysteine proteases

Answer 28

Neutral Protease

Question 29

s the most abundant organic macromolecule on earth and mainly constitutes the cell wall of plant cells.

Answer 29

Cellulase

Question 30

was discovered and isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Scheele from sour milk and the first organic acid produced microbiologically in 1881 by Charles E. Avery at Littleton, Massachusetts, USA. * It is classified as GRAS (generally regarded as safe) by Food and Drug Authority (FDA) in the USA and its annual consumption is estimated to be 30,000 ton

Answer 30

Lactic Acid

Question 31

LAB produce many by-products other than lactic acid and are not suitable for commercial processes.

Answer 31

Heterofermentative

Question 32

type of lactid acid LAB produces lactic acid as main metabolite. very little substrate is used for producing cell mass and other metabolites and majority of the carbon source is converted to lactic acid, and here the percent conversion of sugars to lactic acid is virtually equivalent to the theoretical yield of two moles of lactic acid per mole of hexose sugar utilized

Answer 32

Homofermentative –

Question 33

are secondary metabolites produced by one organism which inhibits the growth of other organism even at a very small concentration.

Answer 33

Antibiotics

Question 34

Using whole living cells or components of them to manufacture desired products

Answer 34

Bioprocessing technology

Question 35

technique of removing, modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains

Answer 35

Genetic engineering

Question 36

direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology

Answer 36

Genetic Engineering:

Question 37

field of study that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities

Answer 37

Synthetic biology

Question 38

part can be a promoter (‘on/off switch’), functional protein, terminator (‘stop signal’) and more

Answer 38

Biobrick

Question 39

– or “Biotransformations” – relates to use of biological catalysts to produce specific desired products

Answer 39

Metabolic engineering

Question 40

also found in humans therefore homologous * Codes for a protein hormone called leptin; if missing leads to obesity * Found that treating obese children defected in this gene with leptin decreases their weight

Answer 40

* Rat gene, ob

Question 41

- single-stranded oligonucleotides are permitted to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences

Answer 41

❖Hybridization

Question 42

the nucleotide sequence the oligonucleotide is designed to hybridize with

Answer 42

Target -

Question 43

he nucleic acid that carries a marker for detection

Answer 43

Probe -

Question 44

One of the most common forms of genetic variation * Estimated that one SNP occurs approximately every 1,000-3,000 bp in the human genome

Answer 44

* Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Question 45

A chip containing thousands of pieces of single stranded DNA molecules

Answer 45

Microarray

Question 46

individualized medicine based on a person’s genetic information

Answer 46

Pharmacogenomics

Question 47

genes that produce proteins that may function as transcription factors and receptors for hormones and growth factors, as well as serve as enzymes involved in a wide variety of ways to change growth properties of cells that cause cancer

Answer 47

* Oncogenes

Question 48

regulate oncogenes

Answer 48

* Tumor Suppressor Genes

Question 49

area of science involved in designing, building, and manipulating structures at the nanometer (nm) scale

Answer 49

Nanotechnology

Question 50

stimulate immune response

Answer 50

Vaccine

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– treating disease by inserting functional genes to replace defective ones

Answer 51

Gene thereapy

Question 52

replacement of tissues and organs by growing them in culture

Answer 52

Tissue Engineering

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Xenotransplantation

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transfer between species (pig to human)

Question 54

The construction of a biological structure by computer-aided, automatic, layer-by-layer depositing of bioink onto biopaper.

Answer 54

Bioprinting -

Question 55

liquid fuels and blending components produced from renewable biomass feedstocks used as alternative or supplemental fuels (for internal combustion engines)

Answer 55

BioFuel

Question 56

any fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation

Answer 56

Biofuel

Question 57

A chemistry process that converts carbon dioxide into a hydrocarbon molecule (a source of energy) that would be found in a living organism

Answer 57

Carbon Fixation

Question 58

biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. They are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first generation biofuel.

Answer 58

1st genration

Question 59

are produced from sustainable feedstock. The sustainability of a feedstock is defined by its availability, its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, its impact on land use, and by its potential to threaten the food supply. * To qualify as a second generation, a feedstock must not be suitable for human consumption and

Answer 59

2nd generation