industrial (1700-1900) Flashcards
(14 cards)
industrial crimes
smuggling, poaching, highway robbery
smuggling
-bringing goods into the country without paying tax then selling them illegally
-made profit
-social crime as many benefited from cheaper goods
-(continuity) hard to tackle, take place on boats at night.
-(change) smuggling increased as there were more goods to import, smuggling gangs appear
poaching
-illegally hunting on private land
-(continuity) group responsible were the poor
-(change) poaching gangs, forced to make laws harsher, 1723 black act made poaching illegal
highway robbery
- attacking travellers and fprcing them to hand over goods (highwaymen)
- distrupted trade
- (continuity) tradesmen would travel between towns
- (change) dramatically increased, trade around country increased so more goods, rich would carry cash while travelling, tracks were isolated
- it declined due to patrols on the roads and banks developing.
impact of industrial revolution
-population rise
-increase in work
-voting rights
-better agriculture (farming)
-politics and government
-travel (trains etc)
-economy/trade
-education increased
- new ideas and beliefs (science)
- taxes
The bow street runners
-crime fighting team set up in 1748 by henry fielding
-investigated crimes and detected criminals
-trained and disciplined men
-set up a newspaper callled ‘the hue and cry’ for help and information from the public about crime
-introduced patrols on horseback to stop highwaymen
-in 1785 got officially paid by the government making them the first modern detective force.
-led to robert peel creating the MET police force.
the MET police
-inspired by bow street runners
- made by home secretary Robert Peel
- first uniformed police
- 17 districts had their own police division
- far more officers than bow street runners
- deter criminals by having a uniformed presence on the street.
- had a blue uniform to noy link to the army
Criminal investigation department (CID)
-detective branch set up
- specifically investigated crimes
- wore ordinary clothes
- 600 detectives
prison reform
- Elizabeth fry led a campaign to improve womens prisons though education, religion, better food and clothing.
- John howard led a campaign to make sure that prisoners who had finished their time didnt have to pay to leave.
- Many acts were introduced to improve prisons
- prison reforms happened due to: the law, changing attitudes, religion, society, population, monwy from industrial revolution, new technology and politics.
Prisons before Pentonville prison
- before 1700 prisons were dirty and overcrowded
- criminals were all mixed
- prisoners sat around and did nothing
- rich were able to bribe officers for luxuries whereas poor couldnt even afford a release fee
Pentonville prison
- made as a prototype
- separate system (keeping prisoners apart) used for reflection, offer religious time, keep away from relationships with other prisoners, retribution and deterrent.
- consequences of the separate system would be psychosis, depression and a high rate of suicide.
- the silent system
- isolation of prisoners
- seperation of men, women children and different typed of criminals
- hard labour to encourage rehabilitation (picking apart old rope)
- discipline to reflect (crank used as punishment)
- improved health and hygiene (had heating, piped water and toilets in cells)
Robert Peel
-home secretary then prime minister
-set up MET police force
-listened to Elizabeth Fry and Robert Howard
-wanted to rehabilitate criminals
-abolished the bloody code
-reformed prisons
-peels 1823 gaols act (ensured better rules for prisons)
- made guidelines for the police to reduce opposition from the public (still used today)
Tolpuddle martyrs
- revolution in france (to otherthrow the monarchy) at this time had made the english government feel vulnerable.
- George loveless ( a farm labourer in the billage of tolpuddle) arrested for a made up crime because him and his men haad promised to support a trade union.
-reason for their arrest was to stop their political activities. (they wanted to protest about their wages)
-had also formed a group called a friendly society (early version of a trade union) - George loveless and his men sentenced to 7 years transportation to australia. (to deter others from joining trade unions)
-public found out due to local press (protests and petitions made for the men) - four years later the government pardoned the men who were now known as the tolpuddle martyrs and they returned home.
