Industrial 1750-1900 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Change in Attitudes. (9)
- Great explosion in industry (industrial dieases like dermatitis.
- Urbanisation (problems arise such as typhoid and cholera).
- Growth of Empires (new diseases i.e. yellow fever).
- Growth of immense wealth (based on trade etc. meant more money for medical research).
- Technological advances (machines such as the electrocardiograph).
- Growth of science and research.
- Democracy and Socialism.
- Wars and machinisation of war.
- Evolution.
Casimir Funk. (2)
Discovered the first vitamins and realised diseases could be due to poor diet. (Poland:1912).
Theodor Schwann. (1)
Realised animal matter was made up of cells not humours.
William Beaumont. (1)
Studied the digestive system of Alexis St Martin who was a Canadian with an open hole in his stomach.
The progress of Edward Jenner. (3)
- By 1801 100,000 people had been vaccinated against small pox in England.
- Inspired Koch and Pasteur.
- 1980 the world health organisation confirmed that small pox had been eradicated globally.
The limitations of Jenner. (4)
- Just made it safer.
- He was a country doctor.
- compulsory vaccinations and before that barely anyone got them.
- Innoculation was already a form of immunisation e.g. Lady Mary Montague had her children innoculated in 1721.
The progress of John Snow. (4)
- Link between cholera and water.
- Discovery contributes towards the government setting up the Metropolitan Board of Works to improve water conditions.
- 1861 Snow’s idea became more popular because of Pasteur.
- Snow proved correct when Koch identifies the microbe which causes cholera,however, Snow didn’t live to see this.
The limitations of Snow. (5)
- “The Great Stink” in the summer the THames dried up and faeces “baked” in the sun creating a foul odour.
- Had no explanation.
- No preventions or treatments came from it.
- The government had a laisse faire attitude not widely accepted until the 1860s.
- there were further cholera outbreaks.
The progress of Louis Pasteur. (4)
- Pasteur found the missing link in medicine.
- Finally disproved theories such as miasmas and the 4 humours.
- Developed vaccines to prevent things such as chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies.
- Done public demonstrations for those who challenged him.
The limitations of Louis Pasteur. (4)
- Needed the work of Robert Koch (his rivals) to develop vaccines.
- He was a scientist, not a doctor, which limited knowledge of disease.
- Doctors shunned him for this^.
- Pasteur failed to find a vaccine for cholera as he couldn’t identify the germs causing the disease.
The progress of Robert Koch. (5)
- Able to dye germs and identify different diseases. Weakened versions for vaccines of different diseases.
- An actual doctor-medical experience.
- Identified microbes causing TB, anthrax, and septicaemia.
- Found a vaccine for TB.
- Inspired a nation of “microbe hunters”.
The limitations of Robert Koch. (3)
- Couldn’t have made his discoveries without Pasteur and Germ Theory.
- Could identify microbes but not always have vaccines e.g. septicaemia.
- As prontosil was not developed until later in the 20th century^.
Training of Doctors. (2)
- The regulation of doctors begun by the government (1858).
- Training progresses once germ theory is accepted-some hostility at first.
Hospitals. (2)
- More hospitals develop.
- Closely linked to the work of Florence Nightingale from 1860s onward as the architecture of hospitals is now considered and she is consulted.
The progress of Florence Nightingale. (5)
- Changed perception of nursing-more looked upon.
- Improved the condition of hospitals in the Crimean War.
- Published 2 books.
- Improved quality of nursing (1859+).
- set up the Nightingale Training School for nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London in 1960 which improved quality of training.
What were the names of the 2 books Florence Nightingale published and when were they published?
1) Notes on Hospital-1859.
2) Notes on Nursing-1859.
The limitations of Florence Nightingale. (3)
- Believed in miasma theory-wrong reasons for her improvements.
- Decrease in deaths may have been due to the sewers being cleaned and the hospitals being more ventilated in the area by the government sending out a sanitary commission.
- Doesn’t help the equality of women in medicine.
Other people responsible for care. (3)
- Doctors and nurses mainly responsible for care now.
- Decline in home remedies-except for the poor who cannot afford doctors.
- Patent medicines-“cure alls”
Causes. (pre 1861)
- Spontaneous generation.
- Four Humours.
What date were vaccinations compulsory?
1852 (were encouraged in 1840 and weren’t enforced until 1871)
What year was the metropolitan board of works set up by the government to improve water conditions(thanks to Snow)?
1885
What year was Snow proved correct by Robert Koch?
1883
What year was the “great stink”?
1858
What year were there further cholera outbreaks?
1866
