Industrial And Post-Industrial Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
How does a lack of space contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Purpose built facilities were created (football stadiums, tennis courts)
- Space was a premium
2
Q
How does large working-class populations contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Melting pot
- So many people that they couldn’t all play, created spectating sport - a key pastime (stadiums)
3
Q
How does a loss of traditional sports contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Due to less space, unfit/lack of facilities, caused a loss of individuality when people came from different places and merged
- New, civilised sports created
4
Q
How does a change in working conditions contribute to the development of sport?
A
- To begin with, working conditions were horrendous, unrealistic hours, exploitation, unsanitary
- Terrible living conditions
- Disease
- Dangerous
5
Q
How did urbanisation contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Lots of people moved to compact areas
- Opposite to rural, countryside living
- Became overcrowded
- Less space to play traditional games
6
Q
How did leisure time contribute to the development of sport?
A
- People working in harsh conditions
- Less time for recreation (12 hour working days)
- Shift from seasonal (free) time, to ‘machine’ time
7
Q
How does income contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Due to exploitation they were payed very poorly
- Had little time for sporting activities
- Could not afford new equipment needed for more civilised games
8
Q
How does health contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Due to crowded, compact spaces, disease spread fast, more pollution, lack of hygiene
- People had no energy to play sports as they were ill
9
Q
How did laws contribute to the development of sport?
A
- Introduction of law enforcement
- Games became more civilised as mob games were banned due to criminal laws
- No factory acts to protect workers
10
Q
How did public provisions contribute to the development of sport?
A
- No access to private facilities
- No personal equipment for lower classes
11
Q
How did health and hygiene change through the industrial period?
A
- Decreased sanitation infrastructure, and dirty water supplies, led to outbreaks of disease
- Public health act, proper drainage, running water, public baths
12
Q
How did an increase in wages (the Factory Acts) change through the industrial period?
A
- Reduced hours per day for women and young people
- 12 hour days, 6am to 6pm (7am to 7pm in winter)
- Half day Saturdays, work finished at 2pm
- Improved living standards and better wages
- Protection for children and orphaned, homeless apprentices
- Working conditions improved, factory ventilation
13
Q
How did the creation of the new middle class change through the industrial period?
A
- Growth of businesses and factories created more job options, allowed for access to more affordable amenities and finer items
- Three tier society
- Lots of middle class went to public schools (fee paying)
- Self-made men were factory owners
14
Q
How did health and hygiene in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Formation/accessibility of health care led to less disease, allowing more time and energy to take part in sport
15
Q
How did an increase in wages (factory act) in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Improved physical and mental well-being, allowed more involvement in sport (healthier and more able-bodied)
16
Q
How did the creation of the new middle class in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Created access to better housing, healthcare, education, living conditions and sports facilities
- We’re on local council, influenced new facilities creation, which made workers happier and more encouraged
- Sport became more respectful
- Leagues and competitions set up, employees paid (idea of professionalism)
- Facilities provided
- Values learnt at school
17
Q
How did the values of athleticism in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Introduced development of modern fitness
- Idea of trying hard and working to be best whilst fair play
18
Q
How did industrial patronage in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Less stress on physical labour
- Made production more efficient
- Factory teams set up
-Facilities provided by factory’s - Excursions set up (to seaside)
- Industrial patronage decreased absenteeism and encouraged loyalty in workforce
19
Q
How did transport in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- People travelled further distances
- Faster, cheaper to compete with others at further distances
- Spectators could travel (created ‘away’ fans)
- Leagues set up
20
Q
How did communication in the Industrial Revolution positively affect sport?
A
- Published fixtures and results
- Leagues established
21
Q
How did the values of athleticism change through the industrial period?
A
- Created opportunities for organised sports and recreational activities, due to decreased labour
- Less violence, emphasis on organised sports
- Moral code
- ‘Physical endeavour with morals integrity’
22
Q
How did industrial patronage change through the industrial period?
A
- New machines
- New power sources
- New ways of organising work
- Factory owners became ‘patrons of sport’
- New middle class factory owners provided support
23
Q
How did transport change through the industrial period?
A
- Introduction of cancel - water ways were used to transport goods
- Train lines
- Cheaper travel
24
Q
How did communication change through the industrial period?
A
- Extended over distances
- Creations of electrical telegraph and telephone
- ‘Bells weekly’
- Newspaper production increased
25
How did the Church promote social control (improved behaviour)?
- Through civilised activities, diverting people away from less socially acceptable activities (drinking, gambling)
- Boxing ring built beneath a Church in East End, organised training and hosting tournaments
- Affluent churches formed tennis clubs, which were protected and organised
- Hockey clubs formed by churches
26
How did the Church promote health and morality?
- Sport was a good way of promoting Christian values (honest, kind, self-control) as physical health of the working class
27
How did the Church promote attendance?
- YMCA (young men’s Christian association)
- Aimed to put Christian values into practice by developing a healthy mind, body, and spirit
- Local YMCA’s delivered projects for local communities, focuses on youth development, providing athletic facilities and holding classes
28
What was the YMCA?
- Young Men’s Christian Association
- Founded by George Williams on the 6th June 1844
29
What was the Middle Class?
- Below aristocracy, above working class
- Made money during the Industrial Revolution (factory workers, local government, doctors)
- Wanted a society based on merit
- Leaders of reforming education, local government, poor welfare
30
What 5 ways did the middle class support sports developments?
- Codification (defining of rules)
- Public Provisions (development of public facilities)
- Increased Leisure Time
- Competitions (Creation of leagues and competitions)
- Move to ‘Professionalism’
31
What is codification?
Gradual organisation and defining of rules (playing the sport and conduct of players)
- Formed NGBs (FA - 26.08.1836, RFU - 26.01.1871, LTA - 26.01.1888)
32
What are public provisions?
Development of public facilities (parks, baths)
33
What is increased leisure time?
Middle class owners gave more leisure time (half days)
34
What is the move to ‘professionalism’?
- Acting as agents
- Promoter/patrons in athletics
- Factory owners setting up factory teams
- Broken time payments in football (compensation for missing work)
35
How did the British Empire influence sport?
- Formed NGB’s (codified sports and established leagues)
- Diplomats (travelled the world and represented sports in other countries)
- Teachers (developed teams and taught traditional sporting values)
- Clergy (developed church teams and became missionary’s)
- Factory Owners (set up teams and gave time off to play nationally)
- Arm Officers (used sports in armed services)
36
What did NGB’s do?
- In charge of rules and regulations, laws and codification
- Organise competitions
- Youth sport organisations
- Adapted games (touch rugby, 7s)
- Performance pathways (talent academy’s)
- Accessible coaching courses/welfare officers (safeguarding)
37
Why were NGB’s needed in the mid-late 19th century?
- Needed rules to be established
- To coordinate matches
- Forming teams and clubs
- NAtional and international fixtures
- Maintenance of the amputee ideal to deal with professionalism
38
Characteristics of Rational Recreation?
- Gambling controlled
- Regular
- Respectful (Fair play)
- Played regionally, nationally, internationally
- Rule-based (codification0
- Impacts of religion
- Purpose-built facilities
- Amateurism and professionalism
- Impact of revolutions
39
What is an amateur?
Someone who takes part in an activity as a hobby rather than for financial gain (could be competing at a lower level)
40
What are amateur values?
- Manliness, robustness, striving for physical endeavour
- Appreciated value for health and fitness
- Appreciated value for rule-regulated activity
- High moral integrity
41
What are characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’?
- Respected member of society with a public school background
- High status in sport and society
- Belonging to social elite
- Has wealth
- Has free time
- Participation viewed as character building, training frowned upon as it would constitute professionalism
- Playing a range of sports
- High moral code and acceptance of rules
42
Why didn’t amateurs use referees?
Believed they could govern themselves due to their high moral code and appreciation of rules
43
Positive impacts of amateurism?
- Elite sport was run and dominated by upper and middle class
- Code of amateurism based on sportsmanship and rule following
- Amateurism adhered to a code of ethics
- Belonging to the social elite (play for the love of it)
- Taking part was been as character building
