INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY_LESSON 1 (PARADIGM SHIFT) Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are the different societies in paradigm shift?
PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, HUNTER-GATHERER, PASTORAL, HORTICULTURAL, AGRICULTURAL, FEUDAL, INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
societies were small, rural, and dependent largely on local resources
PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide
PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
In this era, there were few specialized occupations
PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
The very first occupation was that of ____
HUNTER-GATHERER
demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment of the various types of preindustrial societies.
HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES
As the basic structure of human society until about 10,000–12,000 years ago, these groups were based around kinship or tribes.
HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES
Changing conditions and adaptations led some societies to rely on the domestication of animals where circumstances permitted
PASTORAL
____ such as the Maasai villagers, rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
PASTORAL
Around the same time that pastoral societies were on the rise, another type of society developed, based on the newly developed capacity for people to grow and cultivate plants
HORTICULTURAL
formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops
HORTICULTURAL
While pastoral and horticultural societies used small, temporary tools such as digging sticks or hoes,____relied on permanent tools for survival
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Around 3000 B.C.E., an explosion of new technology known as the ____ made farming possible—and profitable
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their fields and to reuse waste products such as fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food
AGRICULTURAL
The ninth century gave rise to____
FEUDAL SOCIETIES
contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection
FEUDAL SOCIETIES
The nobility, known as lords, placed vassals in charge of pieces of land. In return for the resources that the land provided, vassals promised to fight for their lords.
FEUDAL SOCIETIES
Within a generation, tasks that had until this point required months of labor became achievable in a matter of days
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
rooted in the production of material goods
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
What makes industrial period remarkable?
NEW INVENTIONS
Before the Industrial Revolution, work was largely ____, and relied on human workers or horses to power mills and drive pumps
PERSON OR ANIMAL BASED
Who created steam engine that could do the work of twelve horses by itself?
JAMES WATT AND MATTHEW BOULTON
When was steam engine created?
1782
Information societies is also known as __ or ___
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES OR DIGITAL SOCIETIES
