industrial medicine

Question 1

when did jenner create his vaccine

Answer 1

1796

Question 2

when was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory

Answer 2

1853

Question 3

when was smallpox eradicated

Answer 3

1980

Question 4

what was the mortality rate of smallpox in the 19th century

Answer 4

around 20% depending on which source you look at

Question 5

how many times did jenner repeat his experiment

Answer 5

23

Question 6

when did jenner publish his findings

Answer 6

1798

Question 7

why was there opposition to jenner’s discovery

Answer 7

-people didn’t like the idea of being inoculated with animal disease
-jenner could not explain how his vaccine worked

Question 8

when did pasteur publish his germ theory

Answer 8

1861

Question 9

how did pasteur prove that microbes cause liquid to turn sour

Answer 9

he showed that liquid did not go off in a swan neck flask as microbes could not enter, disproving spontaneous generation

Question 10

why was there opposition to pasteur’s theory

Answer 10

-he could not identify any specific disease causing bacteria
-some argued that there were so many microbes that it would be impossible to ever be healthy

Question 11

when did koch identify anthrax bacteria

Answer 11

1876

Question 12

how did koch identify anthrax

Answer 12

he discovered a method of staining the anthrax bacteria and isolated it and injected it into mice, proving it caused disease

Question 13

when did edwin chadwick publish his report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population

Answer 13

1842

Question 14

what measures did chadwick say to put in place to prevent spread of disease

Answer 14

-removal of waste
-effective sewage systems and clean water
-an appointed medical officer in each area

Question 15

when was the first public health act

Answer 15

1848

Question 16

what did the public health act set up and what did it do

Answer 16

the board of health
-gave local authorities the power to appoint a medical officer
-towns could organise removal of waste and provide a clean water supply

Question 17

why were the effects of the first public health act limited

Answer 17

the sanitary measures were not compulsory so many town councils simply didn’t act on their recommendations

Question 18

how many people died in the cholera epidemic of 1848 in england and wales

Answer 18

52000

Question 19

when did john snow make the connection between the broad street pump and cholera

Answer 19

1854

Question 20

why were people catching cholera from the broad street pump

Answer 20

the pump was next to a sewage drain that was leaking into the water supply

Question 21

when was the second public health act

Answer 21

1875

Question 22

when did joseph lister discover the antiseptic properties of carbolic spray

Answer 22

1867

Question 23

by how much did carbolic spray reduce surgery mortality

Answer 23

from 46% to 15% in 3 years

Question 24

when was the first major cardiac surgery performed

Answer 24

1896

Question 25

what was one reason as to why there way opposition to lister's antiseptic method

Answer 25

some people believed that it slowed the procedure down

Question 26

what were some features of aseptic surgery in the 1890s

Answer 26

-use of steam sterilised instruments -surgeons wore sterilised gowns, rubber gloves and face masks

Question 27

when did koch identify the TB bacterium

Answer 27

1882

Question 28

what was pasteur's first successful human vaccine and when was it produced

Answer 28

rabies 1885

Question 29

what anaesthetics were used in the early 19th century

Answer 29

nitrous oxide and ether

Question 30

when did james simpson discover chloroform's anaesthetic properties

Answer 30

1847

Question 31

why was there a 20 year 'black period' in surgery following the discovery of chloroform

Answer 31

doctors would attempt more invasive surgery with patients unconscious leading to blood loss and infection, causing death rates to go up

Question 32

what two main things did florence nightingale improve in crimean hospitals

Answer 32

-sanitation- strict hygiene rules were enforced (patients washed, bedding changed) -ventilation- clean air was allowed to circulate

Question 33

when did florence nightingale go to crimea

Answer 33

1854

Question 34

by how much did florence nightingale reduce the death rates in crimean hospitals

Answer 34

from 40% to 2%

Question 35

when did florence nightingale publish notes for nursing

Answer 35

1859

Question 36

when did florence nightingale set up her school for nursing

Answer 36

1860

Question 37

when was the great stink

Answer 37

1858

Question 38

when did joseph bazalgette design london's sewage system and when was it finished

Answer 38

1858,1875

Question 39

what was the impact of the new sewage system

Answer 39

cholera cases went down

Question 40

what was the initial attitude from the government towards public health in the 19th century

Answer 40

laissez-faire- they didn't want to intervene