Industrial Medicine

Question 1

Who discovered Chloroform and when? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 1

James Simpson, a professor of midwifery, in 1847

Question 2

What factor was in play when chloroform was discovered? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 2

Chance - Simpson was experimenting with anaesthetics and a friend knocked a bottle over, knocking them all unconscious

Question 3

What problems were there with anaesthetics? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 3

There were problems with calculating the correct dose (Hannah Greener died during a toenail operation)
Some army surgeons believed soldiers should put up with pain
1 in 2500 operations with chloroform led to death

Question 4

Which famous public figure endorsed Chloroform? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 4

Queen Victoria used Chloroform when giving birth to Prince Leopold

Question 5

What new theory came to prominence in the industrial era? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 5

Spontaneous generation, where microbes appeared when natural substances rotted. Believed disease caused infection.

Question 6

Which group…

a) believed that disease was spread by contact with infection
b) believe that disease was spread by messy environments

• INDUSTRIAL

Answer 6

a) Contagionists

b) Anti-Contagionists

Question 7

Which individuals were anti-contagionists? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 7

Florence Nightingale, James Simpson

Question 8

When did Pasteur publish germ theory? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 8

1864

Question 9

How did Pasteur initially discover that microbes spread, causing decay? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 9

Pasteur investigated with swan-necked flasks, noticing that if air didn’t enter liquids, they did not decay.

Question 10

What process did Pasteur discover killed microbes? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 10

Pasteurisation, the heating up of liquids, was found to kill all microbes

Question 11

Who was Joseph Lister and what did he discover? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 11

Lister was a Professor or Surgery at Glasgow University, he discovered the first antiseptic, carbolic acid

Question 12

How did Lister test his theory? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 12

He experimented on a boy with a broken leg, Jamie Greenlees. He used carbolic dressings on the wound, removing microbes. 6 weeks later, he walked out of hospital

Question 13

What did carbolic acid reduce amputation death rates from + what to? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 13

From 46% without carbolic spray
TO
15% with carbolic spray

Question 14

Was Charlton Bastian a contagionist or an anti-contagionist? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 14

Charlton Bastian, the most influential surgical writer at the time, was an anti-contagionist

Question 15

Why was there opposition to antiseptics? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 15

Germ theory wasn’t widely accepted at this point
Lister’s ideas weren’t revolutionary
Patients still got infected as sterile clothing wasn’t worn
Carbolic acid was an irritant to the skin

Question 16

What limitations did Ether have? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 16

Caused vomiting
Was difficult to inhale
Highly FLAMMABLE

Question 17

Why was germ theory not originally accepted? (Name 2) - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 17

Doctors refused to believe that microscopic germs could damage the human body
Pasteur didn’t investigate human disease
Charlton Bastian rubbished the claims of Pasteur

Question 18

Who identified the microbes causing cattle plague? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 18

Professor Lionel Beale, a microscope pioneer

Question 19

What bacteria that caused disease did Koch discover? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 19

Anthrax (the first human harming microbes to be discovered)
TB
Cholera
Typhoid
Meningitis

Question 20

What methods did Koch use to make the study of bacteria into a science? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 20

Photographed microbes so that they could be studied by others
Stained microbes so they could be seen under microscopes
Grew microbes on Agar
Injected bacteria from ill animals into healthy animals

Question 21

When did Aseptic surgery become used? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 21

In the 1890s

Question 22

What were the features of Aseptic surgery? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 22

Surgeons scrubbed hands before operating
Surgeons used well cleaned instruments
Surgeons wore sterile gowns and face masks

Question 23

What discovery did Semmelweis discover? + when? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 23

IN 1847 Semmelweis discovered that more women died in hospital than at home. This was because all manner of germs from illnesses and dead bodies were in the same ward with no hygiene. He found that if surgeons washed hands, death rates dropped dramatically.

Question 24

How did Pasteur discover how vaccines work? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 24

When one of Pasteur’s assistants was meant to inject chickens with chicken cholera, but he forgot, and by the time he could, the cholera had been weakened by air, and they became immune due to this. CHANCE

Question 25

What did Paul Ehrlich invent in 1909? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 25

The Salvarsan 606 'magic bullet', which only eliminated syphilis bacteria and no healthy tissue

Question 26

How was war + government responsible for progress? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 26

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 created an intense rivalry based on pride between Koch and Pasteur, acting as motivation. Both governments funded their scientists as a result of this rivalry

Question 27

Name 3 examples of why public health was poor - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 27

4 or 5 people shared a single room No indoor water supply No waste collections Houses were back to back terraces

Question 28

Why was little done to protect public health? (2) - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 28

Landlords made huge profits from having small, basic housing The poor could not afford doctors There was very little knowledge about causes of illness before 1864 There was little input from the government

Question 29

When were 50,000 people killed in a Cholera outbreak? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 29

1831

Question 30

What Cholera outbreak did John Snow investigate? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 30

The 1854 Soho Cholera outbreak

Question 31

What did John Snow discover? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 31

That all 700 people who died in the 1854 Soho cholera outbreak were drinking from the Broad Street Pump

Question 32

What conclusions did John Snow make from his discovery? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 32

He concluded that the cholera was caused by infected water, not miasma

Question 33

When was 'The Great Stink' and what happened? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 33

In summer 1858, the Thames, a dumping ground, began to smell so badly that Parliament began to notice problems with public health

Question 34

What did Parliament do to help with sewage collection + when? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 34

In 1858, Joseph Bazalgette was employed to construct sewers to reduce the waste going into the Thames

Question 35

How much did the sewers cost to construct and when were they fully completed? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 35

Cost £3 million, completed in around 1875

Question 36

When was the 2nd Public Health Act introduced? What changes were made to the previous act? What did this act say would be done? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 36

The 2nd Public Health Act was introduced in 1875 This act was compulsory for councils This introduced waste collection, sewer construction, medical officers, street lights and a supply of fresh water

Question 37

What was the Artisan's Dwellings Act? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 37

An act introduced to make house owners responsible for their buildings and to give councils the right to improve slum housing

Question 38

How did political reform improve public health? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 38

Working class men were given the vote in 1867 and were promised improved public health by the Conservative Party. This was a large reason that they were voted into power.

Question 39

Which doctor linked Germ Theory to evidence from doctors and surgeons? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 39

William Roberts

Question 40

Who discovered early anaesthetics like Nitrous Oxide and Ether? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 40

Humphrey Davy discovered Nitrous Oxide | Clark discovered Ether

Question 41

Who wrote a public health report in Britain? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 41

Edwin Chadwick

Question 42

When was the first Public Health Act implemented? + what flaw did it have? - INDUSTRIAL

Answer 42

In 1848 the first act was introduced. It was flawed as it was not made compulsory