Industrial Processes Flashcards
(18 cards)
Bayer Process
Karl Bayer, 1887
Most common way of producing alumina, the oxide of aluminum. Involves refining bauxite (aluminum ore) by soaking the bauxite in NaOH. Refined bauxite becomes alumina.
4 stages: Digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination
Karl Bayer, 1887
Most common way of producing alumina, the oxide of aluminum. Involves refining bauxite (aluminum ore) by soaking the bauxite in NaOH. Refined bauxite becomes alumina.
4 stages: Digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination
Bayer Process
Bessemer Process
1855, Henry Bessemer and 1857, William Kelly
First worldwide way of producing steel, an alloy of iron. Involves highly compressed, hot air being blown through molten iron, which reacts with impurities (S, Mn) in the iron, purifying it.
The air flows through holes called tuyeres.
1855, Henry Bessemer and 1857, William Kelly
First worldwide way of producing steel, an alloy of iron. Involves highly compressed, hot air being blown through molten iron, which reacts with impurities (S, Mn) in the iron, purifying it.
The air flows through holes called tuyeres.
Bessemer Process
Contact Process
1831, Peregrine Phillips
Produces H2SO4. Replaced the now defunct lead-chamber process.
Uses a vanadium oxide catalyst
Other contact process products include sulfur trioxide and oleum.
1831, Peregrine Phillips
Produces H2SO4. Replaced the now defunct lead-chamber process.
Uses a vanadium oxide catalyst
Other contact process products include sulfur trioxide and oleum.
Contact Process
Electrolysis
Uses an electric current to decompose a chemical, whose parts form at both the anode and the cathode.
One of the most common applications is separating H20 into H and O.
British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy used electrolysis to discover Ba, Ca, K, Na
Uses an electric current to decompose a chemical, whose parts form at both the anode and the cathode.
One of the most common applications is separating H20 into H and O.
British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy used electrolysis to discover Ba, Ca, K, Na
Electrolysis
Haber-Bosch Process
1909, Fritz Haber
Carries out N fixation via the reaction of N and H. Produces NH3.
NH3 produced from one N and 3 H’s by means of an Fe catalyst.
Common Application: fertilizer
1909, Fritz Haber
Carries out N fixation via the reaction of N and H. Produces NH3.
NH3 produced from one N and 3 H’s by means of an Fe catalyst.
Common Application: fertilizer
Haber-Bosch Process
Hall-Heroult Process
1886, Charles Martin hall and Paul Heroult
Most common way of producing Al.
Follows Bayer process to produce alumina. Then uses a cryolite bath to dissolve the alumina. An electric current is then sent through the mixture of cryolite and alumina.
1886, Charles Martin hall and Paul Heroult
Most common way of producing Al.
Follows Bayer process to produce alumina. Then uses a cryolite bath to dissolve the alumina. An electric current is then sent through the mixture of cryolite and alumina.
Hall-Heroult Process
Kroll Process
1940, William J. Kroll
Currently used to produced metallic Ti. Replaced the now defunct Hunter process.
Ti produced from reducing TiCl4 by using Mg. uses fractional distillation to separate different substances
1940, William J. Kroll
Currently used to produced metallic Ti. Replaced the now defunct Hunter process.
Ti produced from reducing TiCl4 by using Mg. uses fractional distillation to separate different substances
Kroll Process
Ostwald process
1902, William Ostwald
Most common process used to produce HNO3. replaces the now defunct Birdeland-Eyde Arc process.
Oxidized the NH3 from the Haber process by using a catalyst that contains Rhodium.
Aqua regia can be formed by using the Ostwald process because aque regia is comprised of HNO3 and HCl
1902, William Ostwald
Most common process used to produce HNO3. replaces the now defunct Birdeland-Eyde Arc process.
Oxidized the NH3 from the Haber process by using a catalyst that contains Rhodium.
Aqua regia can be formed by using the Ostwald process because aque regia is comprised of HNO3 and HCl
Ostwald process
Siemens process
Siemens
Used to purify Si by reacting it with HCl
The reaction between the HCl and the Si creates Trichlorosilane. (HCl3Si). At high temperatures, the HCl3Si melts and yields Si rods, which are purer than the initial Si
Siemens
Used to purify Si by reacting it with HCl
The reaction between the HCl and the Si creates Trichlorosilane. (HCl3Si). At high temperatures, the HCl3Si melts and yields Si rods, which are purer than the initial Si
Siemens process
