Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)

Question 1

When was Germ Theory

Answer 1

1861

Question 2

Which two scientists helped each other to create germ theory

Answer 2

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Question 3

What was germ theory

Answer 3

Proved spontaneous generation wrong (the idea that disease occured randomly by probability) and shows that bacteria air particles caused decay and disease. This theory claimed that:
-microbes cause disease and decay
-the air is full of mircobes
-microbes can be killed through heat (pasteurisation)

Question 4

What did germ theory improve about the knowledge of disease

Answer 4

-the cause of disease (proved 4 humours and miasma theory wrong)
-treatment - scientists now looked for disease-specific treatments rather than general treatment
-prevention - development of vaccines and cleanliness and sanitation
-care and hostpitals (public health) - overall improvements in sanitation and cleanliness

Question 5

What was Robert Koch’s importance in germ theory

Answer 5

He invented methods to grow and stain bacteria (agar jelly and petri dish) to identify the specific bacteria that caused a specific disease. Doctors now knew to attack the microbes. He inspired other doctors to use this same technique (that is still used today) to identify diseases such as pneumonia and tetanus.

Question 6

When did Koch discover the pathogen for Anthrax

Answer 6

1876

Question 7

When did Koch discover the pathogen for TB (tuberculosis)

Answer 7

1882

Question 8

When did Koch discover the pathogen for Cholera

Answer 8

1883

Question 9

When did Simpson discover Chloroform

Answer 9

1847

Question 10

What was chloroform

Answer 10

It could make patients unconscious during surgery and worked as one of the first anaesthetics. Queen Victoria even used chloroform for the birth of her son 1853. He allowed for more complex surgeries to take place, such as the first heart surgery in 1896

Question 11

What were the problems with chloroform

Answer 11

-There were many overdoses
-bloodloss was still a major problem in surgery
-many refused to use it

Question 12

When did Lister discover the uses of Carbolic Spray (one of the first antiseptics)

Answer 12

1865

Question 13

In 1870, by what percentage did carbolic spray reduce surgery death rates

Answer 13

15%

Question 14

What were the problems with carbolic spray1

Answer 14

-damaged hands
-lister didn’t believe in germ theory

Question 15

From what year was all surgical instruments cleaned and sterilised, and surgerons wearing rubber glove, surgical masks, and gowns

Answer 15

1887

Question 16

What year was Florence Nightingale sent to the Crimean War and was apalled at the conditions of the hospitals and high death rates

Answer 16

1854

Question 17

What did Florence Nightingale Aim to improve

Answer 17

The design of hospitals
-sanitation (clean water and sewage systems)
-ventilation (clean air)
-supplies (food, drink and warmth)
Training of Nurses
-1859: wrote ‘notes on nursing’
-1863: wrote ‘notes on hospitals’
1860: established Nightingale school to train nurses

Question 18

By what percentage did death rates drop from in 6 months at Scutari Hospital

Answer 18

40% to 2%

Question 19

What percentage of people contracted small pox during the 1700’s

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

What probability did people who got small pox die

Answer 20

1 in 4

Question 21

When did Edward Jenner discover the first vaccine for small pox

Answer 21

1796

Question 22

How many people did the Royal Jennerian society vaccinate by 1804

Answer 22

12,000

Question 23

In what year was innoculation banned

Answer 23

1840

Question 24

What year was vaccination made compulsory

Answer 24

1852

Question 25

By what year was small pox completely eradicated

Answer 25

1979

Question 26

When did Edwin Chadwick wrote his 'report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring people'

Answer 26

1842

Question 27

What was the importance of Edwin chadwick

Answer 27

-He made the link between unhealthy living conditions, no sewage disposal, poor diet and likeliness of disease

Question 28

What percentage of people lived in poor conditions due to the rise in population

Answer 28

85% (20 million in 1850)

Question 29

What was the problem with the 1848 public health act that edwin chadwick wrote

Answer 29

it was not made law (not compulsory)

Question 30

When did John Snow make the link between dirty water and cholera (and proving it by mapping the victims of cholera and then removing the handle from the broadstreet water pump)

Answer 30

1854

Question 31

When did John snow present his work to the government, but they rejected him due to the ongoing belief in miasma theory

Answer 31

1855

Question 32

What is the importance of John Snow

Answer 32

Snow's ideas were helpful for people to believe in germ theory. And also the 1875 public health act

Question 33

When was Edwin Chadwick's public health act made compulsory

Answer 33

1875

Question 34

What did the 1875 public health act state:

Answer 34

That all city authorities must provide: -clean water -sewage systems -public toilets -street lighting -public areas for exercise -medical officers (this caused laissez-faire attitudes in the government to change)

Question 35

How many miles of sewer pipes were built in London after the great stink

Answer 35

1300 miles (Slums in birmingham were demolished) (dumping sewage was banned in Leeds)

Question 36

When was 'the great stink'

Answer 36

1858

Question 37

When did Pasteur discover a vaccination for Rabies by injecting a boy 13 injections over 2 weeks

Answer 37

1885

Question 38

What other disease did Pasteur discover a vaccination for

Answer 38

Anthrax (he tested the vaccination publicly on 20 sheep to convince people of his theories)