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Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the primary economic basis of Britain before the Industrial Revolution?

A

Agriculture and cottage industries

Life was slow, labour-intensive, and heavily reliant on manual work.

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2
Q

What are cottage industries?

A

Small-scale production systems operated out of people’s homes

Also known as ‘domestic’ or ‘home’ industries.

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3
Q

How did cottage industries operate?

A

Merchants provided raw materials to families, who produced goods by hand and returned them to merchants

This system faced challenges like low wages and unpredictable demand.

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4
Q

What challenges did workers in cottage industries face?

A

Time-consuming production, low wages, and varying quality of goods

Production was not standardized.

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5
Q

What was the backbone of Britain’s economy before the Industrial Revolution?

A

Agriculture

Most people lived in rural areas and worked on farms.

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6
Q

What was the open-field system in agriculture?

A

A system where land was divided into strips and shared among villagers

This traditional method was common before industrialisation.

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7
Q

What was a significant effect of the Enclosure Movement?

A

Displacement of small farmers

Many were forced to become labourers or move to cities.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: People worked long hours for little pay and often lived in _______.

A

Poverty

Access to education or healthcare was limited.

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9
Q

What marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

A

The transition from manual labour to machine-based manufacturing

It began in Britain in the late 18th century.

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10
Q

What were three key factors that created the need for the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • Population growth
  • Inefficiencies in cottage and agricultural industries
  • Expanding trade and empire
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11
Q

Who invented the Spinning Jenny?

A

James Hargreaves

This machine allowed one worker to spin multiple threads at once.

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12
Q

What did the steam engine improve upon?

A

Efficiency and practicality

Improved by James Watt in 1775.

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13
Q

What was the significance of the Bessemer Process?

A

It allowed for mass production of steel, making it cheaper and stronger

This enabled the construction of railways, bridges, and machinery.

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14
Q

What social changes did the Industrial Revolution bring?

A

Urbanisation, new social classes, and changes in working conditions

Factories led to the growth of industrial towns.

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15
Q

What were the living conditions like in rapidly growing industrial cities?

A

Overcrowded, polluted, and marked by poverty

Cities like Manchester and London faced significant challenges.

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16
Q

What was a common issue faced by women in the workforce during the Industrial Revolution?

A

They were paid significantly less than men for the same work

Many also had to care for their families after long work hours.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Children as young as 5 or 6 were sent to work in _______.

A

Factories and mines

They performed dangerous tasks and worked long hours.

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18
Q

What were workhouses intended for?

A

To support the poor

However, they often became places of suffering and hardship.

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19
Q

What was a strict rule in workhouses?

A

Inmates were punished for minor infractions

Conditions were overcrowded and food was scarce.

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20
Q

What was the goal of workhouses?

A

To discourage people from seeking help

Life inside was made as harsh as possible.

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21
Q

How did urbanisation during the Industrial Revolution affect the lives of ordinary people?

A

Led to overcrowded, polluted cities with widespread poverty

Many faced harsh working conditions and exploitation.

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22
Q

True or False: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain because of its lack of natural resources.

A

False

Britain had abundant resources like coal and iron essential for industrialisation.

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23
Q

What’s industrialisation

A

When manual labour is switched to machines

Quality
Speed
Efficiency
Increase production

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24
Q
A
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25
What was the primary focus of life in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
Life in Britain revolved around agriculture.
26
What was a consequence of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
Urbanisation resulted in more factories being built and worse living and working conditions.
27
What movement fought for better working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
The Trade Union Movement fought for better conditions.
28
What significant increase occurred in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
Resulted in a huge increase in power in Britain.
29
When did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Started in 1750-1850.
30
What was a key factor that enabled the Industrial Revolution?
Couldn’t have happened without the wealth from the slave trade and labor.
31
How did merchants benefit from the slave trade?
Merchants became wealthy from the wealth of products made from slave labor.
32
Where did slaves come from during the Industrial Revolution?
Slaves came from the Atlantic slave trade.
33
What were the living conditions of slaves during this period?
Slaves lost basic rights, lived in bad conditions, had a short life expectancy, often died, and did lots of hard physical work.
34
How did British ports gain wealth during the Industrial Revolution?
British ports became wealthy due to collecting taxes on ships and products.
35
What was the impact of high demand and trade on jobs?
The high level of demand and trade created a lot of jobs.
36
What were some sources of wealth for merchants during the Industrial Revolution?
Merchants became wealthy from slave auctions, slave labor, trading goods, products from factories, and slave ship owners.
37
What industries was the Industrial Revolution based on?
The Industrial Revolution was based on agriculture industry, cottage industry, slavery, and trade.
38
What did merchants export from America during the Industrial Revolution?
Merchants exported manufactured products from America.
39
What percentage of Britain's population lived in towns in the 1700s?
In the 1700s, 90% of Britain’s population lived in towns.
40
What was the economic situation of small towns and villages during this period?
Small towns and villages were involved in farming.
41
What was the condition of peasant families during the Industrial Revolution?
Peasant families were poor, uneducated, and only produced enough food for themselves and maybe a small surplus to trade.
42
What was the availability of doctors for the majority of people?
Doctors were a luxury, and there was a short life expectancy.
43
What was the typical land ownership situation for the majority of people?
The majority of people had small pieces of land.
44
What challenges did farmers face during the Industrial Revolution?
Farmers ploughed, grazed their cattle, faced a hard life, experienced lots of crop failures, droughts, and floods.
45
What health issues arose from food shortages?
Suffered from lack of food, leading to illnesses.
46
What did farmers do with their animals in winter?
Farmers killed their animals in winter since they couldn’t sustain them due to inability to grow crops.
47
What was the nature of agricultural trading during this period?
Was self-sufficient with very little agricultural trading.
48
What is cottage industry?
Cottage industry (domestic industry) involved people producing their own goods and needs.
49
What was the pace of life during the cottage industry period?
Life was at a slow, casual pace.
50
How did merchants interact with families in the cottage industry?
Merchants offered raw materials to families, who returned with manufactured products for very little wages and slow production.
51
What led to the decline of the cottage industry?
Huge demand for goods made the cottage industry too slow.
52
What decision did wealthy merchants make to increase production?
Wealthy merchants decided to build factories to speed up production and built them near rivers for faster shipping.
53
How were animals used during the Industrial Revolution?
Animals were used to pull loads.
54
Who invented the steam engine and who improved it?
John Newcomen invented the steam engine; James Watt improved it in 1775 for transport, factories, agriculture, and mining.
55
What was the primary focus of life in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
Life in Britain revolved around agriculture.
56
What was a consequence of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
Urbanisation resulted in more factories being built and worse living and working conditions.
57
What movement fought for better working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
The Trade Union Movement fought for better conditions.
58
What significant increase occurred in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?
Resulted in a huge increase in power in Britain.
59
When did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Started in 1750-1850.
60
What was a key factor that enabled the Industrial Revolution?
Couldn’t have happened without the wealth from the slave trade and labor.
61
How did merchants benefit from the slave trade?
Merchants became wealthy from the wealth of products made from slave labor.
62
Where did slaves come from during the Industrial Revolution?
Slaves came from the Atlantic slave trade.
63
What were the living conditions of slaves during this period?
Slaves lost basic rights, lived in bad conditions, had a short life expectancy, often died, and did lots of hard physical work.
64
How did British ports gain wealth during the Industrial Revolution?
British ports became wealthy due to collecting taxes on ships and products.
65
What was the impact of high demand and trade on jobs?
The high level of demand and trade created a lot of jobs.
66
What were some sources of wealth for merchants during the Industrial Revolution?
Merchants became wealthy from slave auctions, slave labor, trading goods, products from factories, and slave ship owners.
67
What industries was the Industrial Revolution based on?
The Industrial Revolution was based on agriculture industry, cottage industry, slavery, and trade.
68
What did merchants export from America during the Industrial Revolution?
Merchants exported manufactured products from America.
69
What percentage of Britain's population lived in towns in the 1700s?
In the 1700s, 90% of Britain’s population lived in towns.
70
What was the economic situation of small towns and villages during this period?
Small towns and villages were involved in farming.
71
What was the condition of peasant families during the Industrial Revolution?
Peasant families were poor, uneducated, and only produced enough food for themselves and maybe a small surplus to trade.
72
What was the availability of doctors for the majority of people?
Doctors were a luxury, and there was a short life expectancy.
73
What was the typical land ownership situation for the majority of people?
The majority of people had small pieces of land.
74
What challenges did farmers face during the Industrial Revolution?
Farmers ploughed, grazed their cattle, faced a hard life, experienced lots of crop failures, droughts, and floods.
75
What health issues arose from food shortages?
Suffered from lack of food, leading to illnesses.
76
What did farmers do with their animals in winter?
Farmers killed their animals in winter since they couldn’t sustain them due to inability to grow crops.
77
What was the nature of agricultural trading during this period?
Was self-sufficient with very little agricultural trading.
78
What is cottage industry?
Cottage industry (domestic industry) involved people producing their own goods and needs.
79
What was the pace of life during the cottage industry period?
Life was at a slow, casual pace.
80
How did merchants interact with families in the cottage industry?
Merchants offered raw materials to families, who returned with manufactured products for very little wages and slow production.
81
What led to the decline of the cottage industry?
Huge demand for goods made the cottage industry too slow.
82
What decision did wealthy merchants make to increase production?
Wealthy merchants decided to build factories to speed up production and built them near rivers for faster shipping.
83
How were animals used during the Industrial Revolution?
Animals were used to pull loads.
84
Who invented the steam engine and who improved it?
John Newcomen invented the steam engine; James Watt improved it in 1775 for transport, factories, agriculture, and mining.

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