Industrial revolution Flashcards
(13 cards)
What was the Industrial Revolution (late 18th – 19th century)?
The Industrial Revolution was a period marked by the introduction of machinery, factory systems, and mass production, transforming agrarian economies into industrialized, urban societies.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, and where did it spread?
It began in Britain and spread across Europe and North America.
What major economic shift occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
Economies transitioned from manual labor and cottage industries to machine-based manufacturing.
What were some key technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution?
Innovations included the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom, which increased productivity.
What were some negative effects of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
Urbanization led to overcrowded cities with poor living and working conditions.
Which new social classes emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
The rise of the bourgeoisie (middle class) and a growing working class.
What social problems arose during the Industrial Revolution?
Issues like child labor, long working hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions became widespread.
Why is the Industrial Revolution historically significant?
It laid the foundation for modern capitalist economies, highlighted class inequalities, and sparked debates about workers’ rights and social justice.
How did the Industrial Revolution influence ideologies?
It led to the rise of socialist and liberal ideologies that responded to industrial capitalism’s challenges.
What is classical liberalism, and how did it relate to the Industrial Revolution?
Classical liberalism emphasized free markets, private property, and individual liberty, emerging as a dominant ideology during the Industrial Revolution.
How did socialism and Marxism critique the Industrial Revolution?
Socialism and Marxism criticized class struggle, advocating for workers’ rights and collective ownership of production.
How did the Industrial Revolution influence key thinkers like Adam Smith and Karl Marx?
Adam Smith promoted free-market capitalism, while Karl Marx developed critiques of capitalism and proposed socialism/communism as alternatives.
How did the exploitation of workers during the Industrial Revolution demonstrate the negative consequences of capitalism?
The exploitation of workers, including low wages, long hours, and poor conditions, showed how capitalism prioritizes profit over human well-being, leading to inequality and worker suffering.
