industrial warfare 1700-1900 Flashcards
(46 cards)
what was a new weapon introduced
-Brown Bess musket 1715
features of brown bess musket
-Used by most infantrymen from 1720-1840.
-Muzzle loaded.
-2-3 shots per minute.
-Inaccurate and unreliable, but used for 130 years
the majority of changes to weapons happened after ….
1850
what does BRASS stand for
-B, breech loading guns
-R, rifling
-A, ammunition
-S, steel casting
-S, smokeless powder
features of breech loading guns
-quicker reload times, rate of fire inc.
-combined with brass cartridge tech, this led to dev. of first machine gun in 1860’s and the ‘gattling gun’,, could fire 150 rounds per min at a range of 2000 meters
features of rifling
-bullet + accurate as spin could be controlled
-distance also +
-rifling in rifles used since 1830s but in artillery since 1860s
by 1900 artillery could fire … km away
10
features of steel casing
-artillery able to be rifled due to advanced tech, allowed them to be made out of steel rather than iron
-steel much stronger than iron easier to be rifled than iron
-mass produced artillery as steel became cheaper
c1700–c1850: continuity
* A permanent standing army of around
…….. men, more in times of war.
* The decline of cavalry continued, now only
about … per cent of the army.
* Artillery continued to form about .. per cent.
-50 000
-20%
-5%
Positions were bought by parents in exchange for money (known as the ………..).
-purchase system
-many officers bought commisions for the …., ….., and long…. ….
status, lifestyle and long-term income
in 1805, .. of every … recruits deserted
1/157
Drinks– many men were given drinks at an inn and then signed up.
Get out of jail free– criminals and debtors were …… …… if they agree to join the army.
During the War of American Independence (1776-83), three regiments (….. men) were raised this way.
As a result of these methods, desertion was a common problem.
-released early
-7000
Rather than sign up for life (.. years), men could sign up for ‘short’ enlistment (…-… years).
Pay – 8d/day (£3 in today’s money) 1660-1792, BUT soldiers had to still pay for lodgings in peacetime and equipment.
Bounties- £3 (£250 today) as a ……. if recruits signed up for life.
-21
-8-12
-one-off payment
1800- Royal military college estab. to …
improve training of existing officers
17… Militia Act: An overhaul of the
Assize of Arms, men aged ……. were
selected from every parish to serve in the
local militia for …. years.
-1757
- 18- 50
- 5 years
why was the cavalry kept even though it was not useful for shock attacks anymore
-used for other roles, like scouting
-attitudes in society, army highly conservative & valued tradition, many leaders in the army had been and were cavalry so they kept them for emotional, illogical reasons
what was the advantage of recoiling
-before, whole cannon used to move after firing, meaning readjustment
-now,
Cardwell’s reforms
…….. (…….. as a punishment) was abolished.
…….. money was abolished.
Length of service was reduced from 21 to .. years.
…….. ……. was introduced, allowing recruits to ‘sign up’ and fight alongside people from their local area.
The …. ….. was abolished.
-flogging, whipping
-12
-localisation scheme
-purchase system
With the 1870 Army Act, Cardwell
professionalised the army, ensuring a constant
supply of trained soldiers.
* Lower ranks enlisted for 12 years: ………………………….
* Reserves were paid ………… and
retrained each year.
* After 12 years, soldiers could resign or sign
up for another ……………….
-6 years in the army and 6 as a reserve soldier
-at a daily rate
-12 years plus a pension
what was the impact of the 1870 army act
-provided a constant source of extra, trained soldiers
what was the army like in the Boer war 1899 and why
-many underfed and physically weak
-because recruiting officers had to ignore physical requirements
as low pay of lower ranks meant that recruitment in 1870-1900 never reached what the gov funded
when did cardwells reforms take place
1870-71
in the napoleonic wars, …% of brit pop. fought
10
