INDUSTRIALISATION

Question 1

Growth in banks

Answer 1

1784 - 119 banks
1800 - 800 banks

Question 2

Standardised currency

Answer 2

1797 - County banks issue bank notes/paper currency - beginning of standardised currency

Question 3

Cap on banks

Answer 3

1826 - small banks removed cap on banks to give them the right to give notes Usually 6+ owners limited

Question 4

Middle class and Banking

Answer 4

Middle class use banks to make safe, profitable investments due to the accessibility and profitable returns

Question 4

First joint stock bank

Answer 4

1826 Lancashire Banking Company

Question 4

Growth of Joint-stock banks

Answer 4

1866 - 15 joint stock banks with 850 national branches

Question 5

Increase in middle class

Answer 5

Increase in 75% from 160,000 to more than 214,000

Question 6

Richard Arkwright

Answer 6

Inventor of the water-frame, purchased land in Cromford following success. Died with £500,000 (modern) and a knighthood

Question 7

Richard Trevithick

Answer 7

Steam engine on wheels inventor, died penniless after making poor financial decisions - MC could go either way

Question 8

Growth in back-to-back housing

Answer 8

Nottinham 1841 - 12,600 back-to-back dwellers
1801 - 2/3 of Birmingham’s population live in back-to-back housing

Question 9

Housing conditions

Answer 9

Dozens sleep in the same room,
Wider houses only 4m wide, one room with another to sleep above it
Foundation usually only 3 bricks deep

Question 10

Ventilation housing issues

Answer 10

Limited natural light = candles = no ventilation = respiratory issues

Question 11

Manchester Street Inspection

Answer 11

1832, 200 people died on the streets due to the conditions

Question 12

Issues with sewage

Answer 12

Cesspits and private privies lacked stable foundation 0 sewage leaked into water supply causing Influenza and Cholera

Question 13

First Cholera outbreak

Answer 13

1831, Sunderland - 32,000 died

Question 14

How living conditions affected the economic divide

Answer 14

Sanitisation legislation was only proposed in affluent areas which widened the economic divide

Question 15

Why sanitisation was mostly inefficient

Answer 15

Louis Pasteurs Germ Theory 1861 - legislation and effects before that did not know what caused disease

Question 16

What society tried to prevent mining accidents

Answer 16

1813 Society for prevention of accidents

Question 17

Why mining got more dangerous as industrialisation developed

Answer 17

Demand for coal increased, meant miners had to go deeper
90M 1800
300M 1850

Question 18

Why were miners more prone to infections

Answer 18

Semi-nude miners

Question 19

Note an important Mining accident

Answer 19

1812 Felling gas explosion - killed 92. Reopened a month later

Question 20

What invention helped to prevent gas explosions within the mines

Answer 20

Davys safety lamp 1815 - still risk of collapsing mines and flooding

Question 21

What was the life expectancy for those working in factories

Answer 21

Mid 30s

Question 22

How much of export was textile-based

Answer 22

50%

Question 23

Contract which bounded children to work in the Industrial Revolution

Answer 23

1785 Child Indenture Contract

Question 24

Why were factories so popular?

Answer 24

Better wages than agricultural field

Question 24

Why was cotton dust so dangerous?

Answer 24

Caused cancer/lung diseases and other respiratory issues

Question 25

Richard Arkwright's Factory

Answer 25

Cotton factory - 1771 more than 300 were employed

Question 26

What was the main concern with foundries

Answer 26

Higher injury rates, steel made it more dangerous. Lack of safety regulations

Question 27

How strict were the enforcements in the foundries

Answer 27

No socialisation, workers fined for doing something which effects the speed of their work - Being 10min late: fined for 2h of wages - Talking to workers: fined 1 shilling, or 1/3 of their daily wage

Question 28

What term best describes the governments approach to legislating the economy

Answer 28

laissez-faire

Question 29

What caused the lack of developments in the industrial revolution

Answer 29

Oligarchy parliament - although they still wanted mutually beneficial progress

Question 30

What act made refusal/failure to fulfil a contract of work a crime punishable by imprisonment

Answer 30

Master and Servants Act 1823

Question 31

How capitalism affected Britain

Answer 31

Development of Britain's infrastructure Allowed entrepreneurs to fund start up activities

Question 32

What replaced the canal system and why

Answer 32

Canals were too time consuming, Stockton + Darrington 1820s. However, needed legislation to incorporate the company

Question 33

What legislation allowed the railways to develop

Answer 33

1844 Railway Regulation Act

Question 34

Why were child employment rates so high

Answer 34

Hired children in economic periods of distress Got worse during the war with France - 1/10 men away fighting

Question 35

Charles Bacon - 13 y/o said...

Answer 35

"White slaves" Bound to an apprenticeship at 9, lived partially within the workhouse, children ran/staffed mills, No shoes, sparks caused fires - 13 y/o crushed by a machine

Question 35

How many agricultural workers were children

Answer 35

1/3

Question 36

Sarah Carpenter, 9 y/o said...

Answer 36

"Tom the devil" - wish he'd die Locked Sarah up when she wasn't in the mill

Question 37

What happened to Esther Price

Answer 37

1856 - caught running away - placed in a punishment room with a rotting corpse

Question 38

Pre-industrial cities:

Answer 38

London/Edinburgh: 50,000+ people Manchester: 25,000 residents Cotton industries - lack of mass production.lack of jobs

Question 39

Industrial cities:

Answer 39

1851 - 29 cities had a population of over 50,000 people 9 cities have a population of over 100,000 1851 - London has more than 2.3 million citizens 1851 - Manchester has 182,000 citizens

Question 40

Manchester Cotton Mills

Answer 40

1842 - no ventilation/health codes 20,000-30,000 inhabitants First manufacturing city of the world

Question 41

What caused urbanisation

Answer 41

Countries shift to commercial interests, Transportation, Steam Engine 1769 meant coal was now the most important resource - located in the North

Question 42

What cities had notable transportation?

Answer 42

Lancashire,Liverpool,Manchester Manchester to Liverpool railway in 1830 - fundamental to trade: Import of cotton from America

Question 43

Bristol as a manufacturing city

Answer 43

Transitioned after the abolition of the slave trade 1807 - shallow port was ineffective and expensive No manufacturing cities nearby, cotton industry (sugar, glass and brass) failed

Question 44

Liverpool as a manufacturing city

Answer 44

1795 overtake London as major cotton importer. Trade routes safer for French privateers Proximity to Manchester influence developments

Question 45

Women vs Mens industrial wages

Answer 45

Women were employed out of necessity, not principle - paid on average 1/2 of men's wages. Needed to take on the workload - 1/10 of men away during the Napoleonic Wars

Question 46

What roles did women undertake in Industrial Britain

Answer 46

Operated the windlass, winch machine which brought coal from the seams and lowered men down. Hurner - involved wearing a chain around their shoulders and hauling carts across the shaft - lasting injuries of women.