Industrialisation and Protest Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
% crop yield increased by in 18th century?
A
40%
2
Q
How much did cattle numbers increase by between what years?
A
104 184 to 149 313 between 1867-1899
3
Q
How many gallons of milk were imported between 1866-80?
A
7 million to 20 million
4
Q
How many miles of turnpike road in 1836?
A
22 000
5
Q
Who replaced post ‘boys’ on horseback with regular mail coaches?
A
John Palmer
6
Q
How long did it take to travel from Bristol to London by 1784?
A
Down from 30hrs to 16hrs
7
Q
How many miles of canal in 1838?
A
500 miles
8
Q
How much did the number of passengers increase by between 1812-1836 for the Forth Clyde?
A
44 000 to 200 000
9
Q
How many miles of track were opened by 1850?
A
6000 miles
10
Q
How much more tonnage did canals carry than railways between Liverpool and Manchester by 1848?
A
Twice as much
11
Q
What year did railways finally carry more tonnage than canals?
A
1867
12
Q
What was London’s population by 1801?
% of inhabitants in Britain?
A
1 million (8% of inhabitants of Britain)
13
Q
Population in Britain by 1850?
A
16.9 million
14
Q
% of total population living in urban areas by 1850?
A
50%
15
Q
How much did the population of Manchester grow by between 1775 and 1801?
A
30 000 to 84 000
16
Q
How many furnaces were built in South Wales and Monmouthshire between what years?
A
100 furnaces
Between 1796-1806
17
Q
% of pig iron smelted in which 5 coalfields?
A
90%
South Wales, Shropshire, South Staffordshire, South Yorkshire and Scotland
18
Q
What was the main source of energy to power factories?
A
Steam power
19
Q
When was the bank of England established?
A
1694
20
Q
How many banks by 1784?
A
119
21
Q
When were bank notes introduced?
A
1797
22
Q
What cap was introduced to prevent the creation of larger joint stock banks?
A
Clause in the Bank of England Charter denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members
23
Q
When was the depression which led to many banks failing?
A
1825
24
Q
What Act restricted the issuing of notes?
A
Banking Act of 1826
25
What year was the cap on banks removed?
1826
26
Name and when first joint stock bank was opened?
Lancashire Banking Company
Oct. 1826
27
When were joint stock banks allowed to issue cheques in London?
1833 Act of parliament
28
What did the use of cheques allow?
Increased speed of commercial transactions
29
How many joint stock banks with how many branches by 1866?
154 joint stock banks
850 branches
30
How many workers by 1851?
9.7 million
31
% of workers in textiles?
6%
32
How much did carpenters wages increase by between 1765-95?
64-88%
33
How much did urban areas grow by between 1801-51?
23-29%
34
Fraction of children who died before first birthday?
3/20
35
Fraction of children who died before fifth birthday in Sheffield and Manchester in 1830s?
1/2
36
How much did workers employed in manufacturing increase by between 1801-71?
2/5 to 2/3
37
Average incomes per person in 1750?
£12
38
Average family income per year by 1780s?
£24
39
Worth of the amount of goods produced by the British in 1811? How much exported?
£130 million worth
£40 million worth exported
40
When did Richard Arkwright die?
1792
41
What was the wealth of richard Arkwright when he died?
£500 000
42
Who was Benjamin Gott?
Wool industry entrepreneur
43
How many men did Gott employ by the 1820s? What was his wealth?
1500 men
£100 000 wealth
44
What did Richard Crayshaw own?
Cyfarthfa ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil
45
How many did Crayshaw employ by 1830?
5000
46
What was Crayshaw’s wealth?
£200 000
47
How much did cotton imports increase by between 1761-1833? How many people did this employ?
£3 million to £300 million
Employed 883 000 people
48
How much did the middle class grow by between 1816-1831?
By 75% from 160 000 to 214 000
49
When were the Combination Acts? What did they do?
1799 and 1800
Made it illegal to form unions
50
When was the Master and Servants Act? What did it do?
1823
Failure of fulfilling a contract was punishable by imprisonment
51
When was the Repeal of the Statute of Artificers? What did it do?
1813
Regulation of wages and working conditions ended
52
What did the Banking Co Partnership of 1862 do?
Repealed the 1720 Bubble Act which has limited the number of joint stock banks
Allowed the market and entrepreneurs to dictate
53
When was the Repeal of the Corn Laws? What did it do?
1846
Removed import restrictions on the prices of corn
54
When and who invented the steam engine?
Invented 1698 but introduced in 1769
Thomas Savery but improved by James Watt
55
How did employers ensure a consistent workforce?
Built rows of cheap back-to-back housing to house workers close to factories
56
Average size of a back-to-back?
4m wide, one room deep and one bedroom upstairs
57
Cost of rent for front houses?
2s 6d per week
58
Cost of rent for ‘back’ houses?
1s 10d per week
59
Fraction of workers in Birmingham living in back-to-back housing?
2/3
60
Number of back-to-back housing in Nottingham by 1841?
12 600
61
What often happend to waste from cesspits?
Poorly constructed so would leak into the surrounding ground, contaminating the local water supply causing illness
62
When was the first cholera outbreak? How many died?
Sunderland 1831
32 000 in a year
63
Where were attempts made to improve the living conditions of workers?
Saltaire, West Yorkshire
64
How did divisions in class develop in towns?
Poor had to live in the inner-cities which were densely packed and lack open space. The wealthy middle class moved to the outskirts with large houses and cleaner living conditions - creates resentment
65
% population of urban areas increased by every decade between 1801-51?
27%
66
What exacerbated the rise in population between 1841-51?
Irish immigration
67
How many streets in Manchester did Chadwick inspect in his 1842 report?
687 streets
68
How many streets were unpaved, ill-ventilated and had pools of effluence and rubbbish?
248 unpaved
112 ill-ventilated
252 effluence and rubbish
69
How many died from typhus every year?
4000
70
How many major outbreaks of typhoid between 1830-36?
4
71
How many died from cholera in 1832 and 1848-49?
52 000 in 1832
70 000 from 1848-49
72
% of children found to die before their fifth birthday in Chadwick’s report?
57%
73
How long was a working week?
6 days of 14 hours
74
How much were workers fined for using gas lamps when fixing machines?
Fined 2 shillings
75
What diseases did cotton factories cause?
Byssinosis and bronchitis, and asthma
76
What was the mining explosion in 1812? How many died?
Felling near Gateshead in the North East of England
92 died - age range between 8 to 65
77
What disease did workers in mines get?
Respiratory diseases
Children had rickets from a lack of sunlight
78
Women working hours in a week?
56 hrs in 1878
79
What caused ‘phossy jaw’?
Women worked in match factories which used white phosphorous for the ends of matchsticks
Mouths became deformed
80
% of working population under 20 by 1821?
49%
81
Example of a child scavenger in Wigan in 1859?
13 year old Martha Appleton caught her fingers on a working machine and severed them
No compensation and unable to work
82
Fraction of mining workforce who were children under 19 by 1842?
1/3
83
What did the factory act of 1833 outline?
No children under 9 to be employed
Chlidren aged 9-12 to work a maximum of 9 hrs a day
Children aged 13-18 to work a maximum of 12 hrs a day
Break of 1.5 hrs required for meals
4 full time inspectors were to be appointed to enforce the act
84
How many inspectors were there for how many mills?
4 isnpectors for 4000 mills
85
Why did the factory act of 1833 only focus on children in textile mills?
Due to the influence of factory owners and the Whigs’ commitment to free trade
86
What were the positives of the 1833 factory act?
Showed a willingness from government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation on the general population, and an understanding that some reform was needed for the long-term success of British businesses
Also allowed for possible future reform to emerge
87
When was the Mines Act?
1842
88
Which MP attempted to introduce factory bills in 1838, 1839 and 1840? What did they all have in common?
Lord Ashley (Tory MP for Dorset)
All had a 10 Hour clause
89
When did Robert Peel become Tory PM?
1841
90
Who opposed the 10 Hour Bill?
Peel
91
What did the Mines Act do?
Banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women too
92
Which MP unsuccessfully introduced a bill to further regulate children's working hours in 1843?
Home Secretary Sir James Graham
93
What did the Factory Act of 1844 introduce?
Children allowed to start work at 8 but had to work half-time and no more than 6.5 hrs a day
Night work forbidden for women
More inspector appointed to enforce laws
Children aged 13-18 and women could work a maximum 12hr day
94
When was the 1844 Factory Act extended to calico printers?
1845
95
What did the 1844 Factory Act fail to introduce?
No 10 hour working day
No educational clauses
96
What was introduced with the 1847 Factory Act?
10 hour working day for all women and children
97
Who helped introduce the 10 hr working day?
John Fielden after Lord Ashley gave up his seat to support Peel over the Corn Laws in 1846
98
What was the downside to the 1847 Factory Act?
Many employers managed to maintain a 12hr day by managing lunch breaks and using relays to keep workers in the factories - no law about when working hours had to be worked
99
When were relays made illegal?
1850
100
What were working hours increased to as a concession to relays being made illegal?
10.5 hrs
101
Who led the 1853 Factory Act?
Leonard Horner
Passed as a bill by Lord Palmerstone
102
What did the 1853 Factory Act outline?
Restricted working hours to 6am-6pm and children were not allowed to work outside these hours
Others restricted to a 10.5 hr day - men received too as factories couldn't produce without young people and women
103
When was bleaching and dyeworks added to the Factory Act?
1860
104
When was lace work added to the Factory Act?
1861
105
When was match making, cartridge making, paper staining and fustian cutting added to the Factory Act?
1864
106
Who did the Factory Act get extended to in 1867?
All factories employing 50 or more workers
107
When was the Davy lamp introduced?
1815
108
How much did mining production increase by between 1770 and 1850?
6 million to 55 million tons
109
How much did the length of mines increase by between the 18th century and 1850?
From 90m to 300m
110
Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?
Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised
110
Which Whig was more concerned about the economy failing and so wanted reform for this reason? What did he argue?
Thomas Babington Macauley
- if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised
111
Which Whig MP opposed the 10 hr day proposed by Sadler?
Lord Althorp
112
Where were the first Short Time Committees formed?
Huddersfield and Leeds
113
Who made up membership in Committees?
Mainly spinners and weavers
114
What was the aim of STC?
Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions to support the Hobhouse Bill and further factory legislation
115
Number of petitions the Leeds STC collected in a week?
10 000
116
STC which sent a petition to Parliament, with how many signatures?
Bradford STC
4000
117
How many STC in 1833?
26
118
Where were these STC found?
12 in Yorkshire
11 in Lancashire
2 in Scotland
1 in Nottingham
119
When did the STC end?
1847 after the passing of the Factory Act
120
Who wrote 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'? When was it published?
Frances Trollope
1840
121
Where did Trollope gain inspiration from?
Book on the life of Robert Blincoe and research in factories in Manchester
122
What was the aim of 'Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy'?
Individual philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialisation
123
When did Luddism start? What was it?
1811
Protestors stormed factories and broke machines (frames) starting in Nottingham
124
Who was Ned Ludd?
Weaver who destroyed 2 knitting frames after being whipped in 1779
125
How many frames were destroyed in Nottingham by 1812? How much did this cost?
100 000
Between £6000- £10 000
126
What was introduced in 1812 to deter against Luddism?
Frame Breaking Act - crime punishable by death- proposed by Spencer Perceval
127
How many Luddites were executed for assassinating who?
14 Luddites
Assassinated anti-Luddite William Horsfield
128
Why was the American market closed in Feb 1811? How much did exports decline by? (Cause of Luddism)
American Non-Intercourse Act
Down from £11 million in 1810 to £2 million by 1811
129
When did Napoleon close continental ports to British ships?
May 1808 causing economic backlash by 1812
130
Short-term causes of Luddism?
Rapid unemployment and wage cuts
Failure of harvest meaning higher bread prices in August 1812
131
Why were the Swing riots such a shock?
Agricultural workers had long been seen as docile in comparison to weavers and spinners - showed reform was necessary
Poor harvest has lead to limited money and produce
132
When did the first burning of the Swing riots take place and where?
August 1830
Kent - spread to Yorkshire after
133
How many were arrested in the Swing riots? How many were executed and acquitted?
1976 arrested
19 executed
800 acquitted
134
Who was Richard Oastler? What did he do?
-Led the Ten Hours Movement
-Tory land steward from Huddersfield who was driven by humanitarian ideals and the importance of treating child workers well in order for them to grow into effective adult workers
-Main speaker at Short Time Committee meetings
135
How many attended the meetings in Huddersfield and Manchester on the 10 hour movement?
16 000 in Huddersfield
100 000 in Manchester
136
What report did Chadwick publish in 1842?
The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain
137
How many copies did Chadwick's report sell?
10 000
138
Who formed the Health of Towns Association?
Southward Smith
Aided by Chadwick
139
Who introduced the first Public Health Act in Feb 1848? Why?
Lord Morpeth
Public pressure and typhus outbreak in 1848
140
What was created by the Public Health Act?
Central Board of Health to oversee local boards
141
What mortality rate meant a local board had to be established?
23 in 1000
142
When were the Burial Acts?
1852-57
143
When was the Sanitary Act?
1866
144
Purpose of sanitary act?
-Sanitation inspections compulsory and records to be kept - promote improved health
-Clause for not quarantining with a contagious disease would be punishable
