Industrialisation And Protest 1785- 1870 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are enclosures?
A
Privatisation of land by land rich people. Poor people had to leave so they went to towns and cities.
2
Q
Where was coal mining focused in the UK?
A
South Wales, the North
3
Q
What were the Corn Laws and when were they?
A
1815, the Corn Laws prohibited foreign wheat imports. This kept wheat prices high and therefore high bread prices.
4
Q
What were the Game laws and when were they published?
A
1815, government introduced harsh punishments for poaching which didn’t go down well in times of hardships e.g if you stole a rabbit you were killed.
5
Q
What is mechanisation?
A
In some rural areas farmers had invested in better farming techniques such as the use of machinery and this led to loss of jobs in rural areas.
6
Q
What did the population of Manchester go to between 1821 and 1841
A
135,000 to 235,000
7
Q
In 1825 how many Irish lived in Manchester?
A
35000
8
Q
How many cotton mills were there in 1838?
A
1600
9
Q
How many cotton mills were there in Lancashire in 1838?
A
1200
10
Q
When and what were the combinations acts?
A
1799/1800
They made strike action illegal
11
Q
When were the combination acts repealed?
A
1824 and 1825
12
Q
How many power looms compared to hand looms in 1820?
A
14000 to 240000
13
Q
What were the wages for hand look weavers in 1805 and then in 1831?
A
1805= 23 shillings a week 1831= 6 shillings a week
14
Q
How many hand loom weavers lost their job in 1825?
A
250,000
15
Q
What was the population in 1815, 1836 and 1836?
A
7.5 million, 11 million, 15 million
16
Q
What were the years of the Napoleonic wars?
A
1803-1815
17
Q
At the end of the Napoleonic wars (1815) how many demobilised soldiers were there?
A
400,000
18
Q
When was the Bank of England formed?
A
1694
19
Q
In 1784 how many banks were there?
A
119 banks
20
Q
In 1808 how many banks were there?
A
800 banks
21
Q
When did Charles 1 steal from the bank?
A
1640
22
Q
What year could banks issue bank notes?
A
1797
23
Q
What did the Bank of England Charter state and when was it written?
A
Denied the right to issue bank notes to banks of more than 6 members.
1844
24
Q
What year was the Bank Of England Charter removed?
A
1826
25
When and where was the first joint stock bank?
October 1826 - Lancashire Banking Company
26
What year could joint stock banks issue cheques?
1833
27
How many joint stock banks where there in 1866 and how many branches nationwide?
154 joint stock banks, 850 branches nationwide
28
By 1851 how many cities had a population of over 100,000
29
29
In 1851 how big was London’s population?
2.3 million inhabitants
30
What was Manchester’s population in 1772 and 1831?
1772- 25,000
| 1831- 182,000
31
When was the Municipal Corporations Act and what did it mean?
1835 it meant local councils could take over control of local utilities e.g water and sewerage previously run by private companies.
32
When was the Railway Regulations Act and what did it mean?
1844 strengthened state power over rail companies and reserved the right to nationalise them
33
In 1842 what fraction of the mining workforce were children?
A third
34
What percentage of the workforce were under 20 in the 1840’s
49 %
35
What did the French Revolution start and end?
1789 and 1799
36
What was the reasons for the French Revolution? (4 reasons)
1. Discontent with the French monarchy
2. 2 years of bad harvests
3. Finical crisis- economic crash
4. Higher taxes
37
How was fighting in the French Revolution and what did they want?
Urban workers in Paris, the bourgeoisie they wanted a constitutional monarchy
38
When were the Gordon riots?
June 1780
39
Where were the Gordon riots?
London
40
How many people were involved in the Gordon riots and how many casualties?
50,000 involved and 300 deaths
41
How long did the Gordon riots last?
A week
42
What was the main cause for the Gordon riots?
Anti Catholic sentiment
43
By Feb 1812 how many frames had been destroyed by the Luddite movement in Nottingham and what were the estimated cost?
1000 frames were destroyed in Nottingham at an estimated cost between £6,000 and £10,000
44
When was the Frame breaking act published and what did it state?
1812 it made the deliberate destruction of frames an offence punishable by death.
45
What was the Luddites?
They were skilled weavers who were threatened by new technology and feared the loss of their jobs e.g steam powered looms so they smashed them
46
Where did the Swing riots occur?
South of England
47
Why did the Swing riots occur?
2 consecutive bad harvests and the invention of new threshing machines
48
What did the rioters do in the Swing riots?
Burnt down hay stacks and broke threshing machines
49
What did the rioters want in the Swing riots?
Wage increase/ consistent wages, reduction of rent and the end of rural unemployment
50
When did the Swing riots start and end?
1830 to 1831
51
In the swing riots how many people were
a) arrested
b) killed
1,976 arrested
| 19 killed
52
When and where were the Pentrich uprisings?
1817 in Derbyshire
53
What were the factors leading to the Pentrich uprisings? (4)
1. Corn Laws
2. Radical leaders / influence of the French Revolution
3. Poor harvests
4. Recession
54
What were the Pentrich uprisings?
A group of 200 men marched up to Nottingham in a protest against the government to meet a revolutionary force leading from north to London in support for a bill on parliamentary reform
55
When was the blanketeers protest?
1817 March
56
What was the Blanketeers protest?
Spinner and weavers protesting about unemployment in their trade to take a petition to the Prince Reagent with pleas to help the cotton trade.
57
When were the Rebecca riots?
1839 and 1842
58
Why did the Rebecca riots occur?
They were a protest against the high tolls having to be paid on Turnpike roads
59
When and where were the Peterloo?
1819 and Manchester
60
How many people were involved in the Peterloo?
60,000
61
How many people were killed and wounded in the Peterloo massacre?
18 deaths
| 400 deaths
62
What were the 6 acts?
1. Prohibited military style drilling
2. Magistrates were allowed to stop and search for weapons
3. Banned meetings of 50+ people without consent of a magistrate
4. Protected magistrates from the consequences of injuries in a crowd
5. Increased penalties for writing seditious material
6. Increased stamp duties
63
Give 5 reasons why workers were unhappy during the early 19th century
Corn laws, living conditions, unemployment , game laws and repression by the government
64
What was the origin of the name Luddites?
Ned Ludd the first person to smash machinery
65
Where did the Luddite movement start and what years?
Nottinghamshire to protest about the introduction of power looms and loss of earnings.
1811-1816
66
How did the government respond to the Blanketeers?
Spies , troops sent in, they only got to Manchester before the marchers were arrested
67
What does Habeas Corpus mean and when did it happen?
Right to have a fair trial 1816/17
68
Who led the Pentrich uprising and what happened to him?
Jeremiah Brandreth hanged
69
Who was Captain Swing and what did he want?
Mythical figure, protesting for agriculture workers as a result of threshing machines
70
What was the name of the radical speaker at Sparfields and Peterloo?
Henry Hunt
71
When and what was Sparfields?
1816- political meeting with Henry Hunt
72
What 4 things did the 1833 Factory act state?
1. No child under 9 employed
2. 9-13’s could work a max of 48 hours a week. Limited to a 8 hour day
3. 13-18’s could work 12 hours a day
4. All children under 13= 2 hours of education per day
73
Why was the 1833 Factory act different?
It was enforced e.g an inspectorate of factories was established
74
What was a problem with the 1833 Factory act? (2 reasons)
1. There were only 4 men in the inspectorate of factories and so there were incapable of inspecting the 4000 mills it needed to reach.
2. Only applied to the textile industry
75
What was Edwin Chadwicks report called and when was it published?
The sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain in 1842
76
When was the health of towns association established
1844
77
What was the anti corn league? Who led it? When was it established? Was it successful?
Created in 1839, led by Richard Cobden. The aim of the group was to repeal the Corn law of 1815. The corn laws were repealed in 1846
78
When was the central boards of health made and what did it do?
1848, it over saw local boards and ensured they were maintaining local public health measures e.g fresh water, draining systems and sewerage.
79
Why was the Public health unsuccessful in the short term?
It had no money and couldn’t compel local corporations to adopt its recommendations. Only in areas with a morality rate of 23 in every 1000 people did a local board of health have to be established.
80
When was the first burial act passed? And what did it mean?
1852, it began the creation of a public network of cemeteries in London to be overseen by a burial board.
81
When was the sanitary act passed and what did it mean?
1866, it made sanitation inspections compulsory or local corporations and required them to maintain accurate records of these inspections.
82
When was the Bill of Rights published and what did it mean Britain have?
1689 it meant Britain had a system of parliamentary democracy
83
When was the Hanoverian (German Protestant) family invited to become and the monarch and why
1714 to save the country from becoming Catholic again
84
What years did George 111 reign? (Talk about prince reagent)
1760-1810/1820 he became mentally unstable so his son the prince reagent took charge between 1810-20
85
By what year did the Palace of Westminster contain 2 houses?
1785
86
What were the 3 main political parties at the time?
Whigs, Tories and Radicals
87
Industrialisation
A period of social and economic change away from traditional rural work to urban industrial techniques
88
Cottage industry
Small scale industry usually performed in individual homes or small communities rather in large factories
89
Oligarchy
Authority concentrated into the hands of a few powerful usually self appointed and self interested people
90
Nationalisation
The process of private businesses being taken under public ownership by the state
91
What was the Great Exhibition
An exhibit in 1851 displaying the largest machines and inventions at the forefront of industrialisation. 100,000 objects sent by 15,000 contributors
92
By 1801 what proportion of Birmingham lived in back to back housing
Two thirds
93
Where/ when was the first major cholera outbreak in Britain
Sunderland in 1831 killing 32,000 people
94
Who set up the first factory
Richard Arkwright
95
Where was Arkwright cotton mill and how many people did it have
Cromford in 1771 employing more than 300 people
96
Between 1770 and 1850 what was the increase in the production of coal
6 million to 55 million tonnes
97
What were the average wages for those in a factory
12-15 shillings
98
What was the poor rate
A tax applied to property in individual parishes. This money was then used to pay poor relief
