Industrialization and Roman Romanticism Study Guide

Question 1

When was it widely believed that the Industrial Revolution began

Answer 1

1750

Question 2

What was Britain’s emergencies as the first industrial power aided by?

Answer 2

• Rapid population growth
• surplus of labor
• Ready supply of domestic and colonial markets
• Developed financial system

Question 3

What was the Industrial Revolution in Britain inspired by?

Answer 3

Aggressive entrepreneurs

Question 4

Who invented the water frame spinning machine?

Answer 4

Richard Arkwrite

Question 5

What industry was the first industry to industrialize in Britain?

Answer 5

Cotton textile

Question 6

What was the power behind the steam engines during the First Industrial Revolution?

Answer 6

Coal

Question 7

When did Britain’s raw cotton imports increase dramatically

Answer 7

The late 1700’s

Question 8

What did factory owners institued

Answer 8

• A life of harsh discipline

- rigors of competitive wage labor

Question 9

What was the way to discipline very young boys and girls working in new British industries?

Answer 9

Repeated Beatings

Question 10

What did workers do do with their means of production s

Answer 10

Lost them

Question 11

Workers could only sell their labor for wages as a result of what?

Answer 11

Industrialization

Question 12

What held Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851?

Answer 12

Crystal Palace

Question 13

What did Britain do to protect its monopoly?

Answer 13

Prohibited industrial artisans from going abroad

Question 14

Where did government play a larger role in Continental industrialization?

Answer 14

The European Continent

Question 15

By what year did the United States and Western Europe close the gap with Great Britain but Russia had not

Answer 15

1850

Question 16

Why was American industrialization a capital-intensive endeavor

Answer 16

There was a large pool of unskilled laborers in the United States

Question 17

How did the American system reduced costs and revolutionized production?

Answer 17

labor-saving innovations in manufacturing

Question 18

What was the European population explosion attributable for?

Answer 18

The disappearance of famine from Western Europe

Question 19

What resulted in the Great Hunger in Ireland?

Answer 19

THe failure of the potato crop

Question 20

What was urban life in the nineteenth century symbolized by?

Answer 20

filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities’ slow response to take responsibility for public health

Question 21

Who advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act

Answer 21

Edwin Chadwick

Question 22

Who were the new industrial entrepreneurial class

Answer 22

Mostly resourceful individuals with diverse social backrounds

Question 23

What did women labor in the Industrial Agde do for cahnging traditional working patterns

Answer 23

Nothing

Question 24

What did The English Poor Act of 1834 establish?

Answer 24

Workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live

Question 25

What did the Industrial Revolution result in

Answer 25

- betterment of the middle classes - increased disparity between the richest and poorst classes in society - led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working class

Question 26

Who were the Luddities?

Answer 26

Artisans who destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood

Question 27

What did not achieve the establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847

Answer 27

Effort at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840's in Great Britain

Question 28

What was Romanticism characterized by?

Answer 28

- A strong, pantheistic worship of nature - a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice - A reverence for history that inspired nationalism - A reaction to the excesses of teh Industrial Revolution

Question 29

Who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society?

Answer 29

Thomas Carlyle

Question 30

How can the Romantic Movement be viewed?

Answer 30

As a reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reasons

Question 31

What was the most important of Romantic literary expression?

Answer 31

Poetry

Question 32

What did Romantic artist focused on in tier art?

Answer 32

landscapes and depictions of nature

Question 33

What type of buildings exhibited in the nineteenth-century revival of medieval architecture?

Answer 33

Neo-Gothic

Question 34

What was Romanticism in art and music well characterized by?

Answer 34

The compositions of Beethoven

Question 35

What was TUrner's paintings described as?

Answer 35

- Airy visions | - Painted with tinted Steam

Question 36

How where places like Germany, religiously affected by the age of Romanticism?

Answer 36

Experienced a Catholic revival

Question 37

How did the lower classes remain during the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?

Answer 37

Remained in poverty

Question 38

By the 1900's what did Germany emerge as?

Answer 38

A leader in dyestuffs, controlling 90 percent of the market

Question 39

What did the second Industrial Revolution see the advent of?

Answer 39

Steel

Question 40

What became a new energy source the drove the Second Industrial Revolution?

Answer 40

Electricity

Question 41

Who revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of Model T

Answer 41

Henry Ford

Question 42

Who worked together to control prices and fix production quotas in a cartel

Answer 42

Independent enterprises

Question 43

What resulted in government planning and initiative?

Answer 43

Industrialization in Japan

Question 44

What did the increase competition for foreign markets and growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to in nineteenth-century Europe?

Answer 44

A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations

Question 45

What did "sweating" jobs for women involve

Answer 45

The subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades

Question 46

During the second Industrial Revolution, what did the working-class organizations emphasizes?

Answer 46

The gender role of women as housewives

Question 47

What led to a rise in female prostitution in European cities?

Answer 47

Heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival

Question 48

What state had the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century?

Answer 48

Germany

Question 49

What was the issue that united all socialists together in the nineteenth century?

Answer 49

The desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers

Question 50

Who believed that socialism could be best achieved through the democratic process?

Answer 50

Eduard Bernstein

Question 51

What was a generally allied with socialist parties but varied from country to country?

Answer 51

Trade Union Movements prior to World War I

Question 52

Initially, what did trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth-century function as

Answer 52

mutual aid societies

Question 53

What did early anarchists believe was the best means of achieving true freedom?

Answer 53

Violence