Industry Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
industry
A
part of the manufacturing industry (secondary industry) - turning raw materials into a product
2
Q
employment structures
A
how the workforce is divided up between the 3 main employment sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary (and quaternary)
3
Q
What are examples of jobs in the primary sector?
A
farmer
fisherman
miner
4
Q
What are examples of jobs in the secondary sector?
A
manufacturing
5
Q
What are examples of jobs in the tertiary sector?
A
service:
- teacher
- nurse
- accountant
- cleaner
6
Q
What are examples of jobs in the quaternary sector?
A
IT
AI
research
high tech
7
Q
How has the employment structure changed in the UK?
A
- primary industry has decreased - mechanisation
- secondary industry has increased - industrial revolution, but decreased - NICs become dominant manufacturing nations
- tertiary industries have increased steadily - gwoing demand for better quality of life has increased
- Quaternary industries have only existed in the last 50 years, developed steadily since then & are the cutting edge of technology
8
Q
What is the employment structure in LEDCs like?
A
heavily rely on primary industry - more people lack education & skills for other employment, there is less development of factories/services
9
Q
What are physical inputs in industry?
A
naturally occurring things
e.g. water, raw materials & land
10
Q
What are human inputs industry?
A
e.g. money, labour & skills
11
Q
What are processes in industry?
A
- actions within industry that change raw materials into finished product
- usually end in -ing
12
Q
What are outputs in industry?
A
- can be positive or negative
- negative outputs e.g. air/noise/water pollution
- positive outputs are the finished product & money gained from sale of that product
13
Q
What is feedback in industry?
A
- what is put back into the system
- main 2 examples - money (from sale of finished product), knowledge (gained from whole manufacturing process) which can be used to make product better/improve efficiency of processes
14
Q
What are the human factors affecting the location of industry?
A
- capital - financial investment
- government policies - subsidies - pay company/reduced tax/insentive
- communication - access to communication
- labour supply - close to universities
- markets - production close to markets - avoid import tax
15
Q
What are the physical factors affecting the location of industry?
A
- accessibility - near main roads/ports/railways
- climate - not extreme
- land - flat, cheap, space to expand
- power - power lines, near coal, near solar panels
- raw materials - near supply of coal, metal water etc…
16
Q
Agglomeration
A
when many producers in the same/related industries group together, in order to benefit from local skill pools, economies of scale and the prowess of a locality in a particular field
17
Q
Footloose
A
footloose industries are less dependant on factors that tie that to a specific geographic location, unlike manufacturing industries, tertiary or service companies don’t have to be near a source of raw materials, as long as they have suitable transport, energy & communication links, they can locate themselves almost anywhere in the world
18
Q
What are the advantages of industry?
A
- employment in factory/jobs/earn money/type of job so people can buy better food/send their children to school/better housing
- improved service provision e.g. healthcare & education since there is more money circulating in area/multiplier effect
- development of transport network & infrastructure/electricity/water supply
- can use products from factory
19
Q
What are the disadvantages of industry?
A
- atmospheric pollution/smoke from factory
- gases e.g. carbon dioxide
- exhaust fumes from lorries
- pollution of rivers/groundwater (water pollution)
- clearance of natural vegetation/plants are killed/deforestation
- loss of habitat, may impact ecosystems/food chains
- global warming & acid rain
- noise pollution
- eye sore
20
Q
What are the causes of Somalias famine 2022?
A
- 6 consecutive failed wet seasons - driest season in 40 years, especially Sahel region suffers with droughts
- poor governance - lack of investment in infrastructure & services, so food couldn’t be distributed easily, food aid couldn’t reach the people who needed it most
- Somalia civil war - between politicians & Islamist militants, occurred since late 1980s
- lack of availability of food - drought has killed 90% livestock, war in Ukraine reduced supply of grain & increased prices
- overpopulation - high fertility rates - 6.67 children per woman
21
Q
What are the effects of Somalias famine 2022?
A
- in 2011/12 260,000 died, half under 5, 2022 famine is predicted to be worse
- tens of thousand people left rural areas to go to city
- price of food rises over 50%
- people & livestock die
- drop in labour demand
- decrease in household incomes
22
Q
What are the short term responses of Somalias famine 2022?
A
- UN drought operations coordination centre warned about seriousness of predicted drought in 2020, warning continued as situation deteriorated
- coordinated plan needed $1.5 billion but only recieved $56million
- UK provided over £200 million in humanitarian assistance during their last serious drought in 2017, now it’s spending less than a quarter of that
23
Q
What are the long term responses (since 2011) to Somalias famine?
A
- improved infrastructure e.g. roads, communication systems
- British red cross helped 750,000 by:
giving farmers seeds, tools fertilisers & pumps,
providing sandbags & building dikes, stop farmland flooding,
supplying irrigation pumps & upgrading sluice gates improving irrigation,
giving fisherman equipment & training,
employing people in cash-for-work projects (e.g. upgrading irrigation channels on Shabelle River),
giving vulnerable single mothers grants to set up small businesses (e.g. tea kiosks, sewing services, bakeries & milling services) - to provide for their families
24
Q
famine
A
a situation where there isn’t enough food for a great number of people, causing illness & death
25
undernourished
heaving insufficient food/other substances for good health & condition
26
malnutrition
when the body doesn't get enough vitamins, minerals or other nutrients
27
What is the distribution of undernourishment?
- unevenly distributed
- central Africa has high levels of undernourishment & some parts of Southern Asia
- North America & Europe have low levels of undernourishment
28
What are the natural causes of food shortages?
extreme climates
natural disasters
drought
flooding
soil erosion
pests
29
What are the human causes of food shortages?
overpopulation
overgrazing
overcultivation
soil erosion
deforestation
pollution
conflict
corruption
low capital investment
30
How do extreme climates cause food shortages?
if its too hot or cold crops/animals can be killed
31
How do natural disasters cause food shortages?
hurricanes, tsunamis & volcanoes can destroy large areas of agricultural land, can also kill/injure farmers, both factors reduce yields
32
How does drought cause food shortages?
if there is a shortage in rainfall most crops will die or need extra irrigation, if no water is available crops will die & reduce yield
33
How does overpopulation cause food shortages?
growing population means demand for food is higher, supply isn't matching demand
34
How does flooding cause food shortages?
too much rainfall can flood & kill crops or wash away topsoil, reducing soils fertility
35
How does overgrazing cause food shortages?
by trying to graze too many cattle on land, all the vegetation can be eaten, reduces integrity of soil & can cause topsoil erosion & soil degradation
36
How does overcultivation cause food shortages?
trying to grow too much on land can cause its degradation by using all the nutrients & not giving it time to recover, if land becomes degraded yield declines
37
How does soil erosion cause food shortages?
if soil is infertile because bedrock contains few minerals or there is no flora & fauna to provide a humus layer, land can be hard to cultivate leading to low yields
38
How does deforestation cause food shortages?
by deforesting large areas of woodland, integrity of soil & source of nutrients can be damaged, causing soil degradation & erosion, reducing yields
39
How does pollution cause food shortages?
farming & industrial pollution can degrade land & reduce crop yield
40
How do pests cause food shortages?
locust swarms, bird etc.. can eat crops & reduce yields
41
How does conflict cause food shortages?
often men that fight, removing them from farming duties, lowering crop yield
conflict can also make land too dangerous to farm (mines)/degrade soil because of chemical/biological warfare
42
How does corruption cause food shortages?
sometimes government officials/armies use crops for themselves/ their own needs leading to general population becoming hungry
43
How does low capital investment cause food shortages?
not investing enough money into infrastructure needed to sustain agriculture, e.g. roads, storage facilities, machinery, seeds etc... so agriculture won't develop in line with population growth
44
How can food shortages cause a cycle of poverty?
families don't have enough food, so when they have children they will be malnourished, parents may struggle to work due to illness so can't afford work/education
45
What is the impact of food shortages on the health of people?
people who are malnourished have weak immune systems - more likely to get severe symptoms, possibly fatal when they get ill, such as cholera/pneumonia
46
What is the relationship between food shortages & migration?
cause migration & refugees - if people are malnourished they will want to move somewhere else in search of aid, food supplies, jobs, medical care etc...
47
What are the methods of preventing food shortages?
irrigation
fertilisers/pesticides/herbicides
mechanisation
GM crops
crop rotation
emergency of famine relief
48
How does irrigation prevent food shortages?
- artificial process of applying controlled amount of water to land to assist in production of crops
- allows areas that were dry to become suitable arable land
- increases consistency of yields
49
How do fertilisers/pesticides/herbicides prevent food shortages?
- fertilisers add specific nutrients into soil, enables plants to grow more healthy (Nitrogen is common) - increases yields
- allows crops to grow in areas that would be unsuitable due to fertile soil
- pesticides reduce risk of famine due to insect infestations
50
How does mechanisation prevent food shortages?
- besides improving production efficiency, it encourages large scale production & can sometimes improve quality of farm produce
51
How do GM crops prevent food shortages?
- crops can be made drought resistant
- crops can be made more nutritious/higher nutrient content
52
How does crop rotation prevent food shortages?
- practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons
- reduces reliance on 1 set of nutrients, reducing soil infertility
53
How does emergency famine relief prevent food shortages?
providing relief (food/water given from an area of surplus) can reduce cycle of poverty & famine
54
How is sugar produced in eSwatini?
from sugar cane, it produces sucrose in its leaves, which is then stored in its stem
55
Where is eSwatini?
LEDC in Southern Africa
56
What percentages of the economy does sugar farming have in eSwatini?
59% agricultural output
35% agricultural wage employment
18% eSwatinis GDP
57
Where is sugar produced in eSwatini?
Royal Swazi Sugar Corporation operates a 20,000 hectare sugar can estate with an annual production capacity of excess of 600,000 tonnes
3 main sugar mills - Mhulme, Simunye, Ubombo all produce raw sugar, brown sugar & molasses
58
What climate does sugar need?
hot climate
in eSwatini monthly average temperatures are 29C in summer and rarely fall below 15C, also lots of sunshine every day
59
Why is eSwatini good for large scale mechanisation?
flat land
alluvial soils in river valleys are rich in nutrients & retain moisture
60
Who works in the production of sugar?
unskilled & skilled labour (engineers, managers, chemists, machine workers)
big sugar companies offer benefits - e.g. school on the estate, college scholarships, free medical services, free/subsidised housing, an orphan programme & sporting/recreational facilities
61
How much rain does sugar need?
1,800 mm per year - eSwatini doesn't receive this - irrigation is needed from countries rivers
in 1958, Mhulme water gravity feed canal was opened
62
What trade agreements are there about sugar in eSwatini and other countries governments?
both eSwatini's government & government of other countries allow farmers to enter international markets
- ACP-EU sugar protocol allows sugar sales to enter EU (278,000 tonnes in 2010-11)
- SACU sugar cooperation allows just over half of eSwatini's total sugar production to enter other countries in Southern Africa (333,000tonnes in 2010-11)
63
What method is used to produce sugar cane in eSwatini?
- irrigation water is taken from canals, it reaches cane by a variety of methods (39% furrow-long narrow trench & sprinkler 54%)
- ripe sugar cane is first burnt in fields as it makes harvest easier as it removes the leaves but doesn't damage the sugar inside
- cane is taken to sugar mills for crushing
64
soil erosion
washing/blowing away of top soil
65
How is soil erosion caused by running water?
- slopes must be steep enough for water to run down them due to gravity
- rainfall must be too heavy for all of it to soak into ground, so surface runoff occurs down slopes in sheets of water
66
How is soil erosion caused by wind?
- low rainfall, so soil dries out & is loose
- strong winds need to blow to actually remove soil
67
What are the causes of soil erosion?
- overcultivation
- overgrazing
- deforestation
- population growth
68
How is overcultivation a cause of soil erosion?
- crops are grown intensively
- nutrients in soil are absorbed by plant, once plant is harvested another is replanted
- monoculture can ruin soil - same plant uses same nutrients
- soil never has time to recover so becomes infertile & damaged
- plant roots help to bind soil together, so intercept rainfall
- if plants cant grow in soil because it's infertile, soil will be exposed to hot sun & will become vulnerable to soil erosion by wind or rain
69
How is overgrazing a cause of soil erosion?
- animals eat all grass in 1 area
- animals don't move on - new growth is eaten quickly, animals compact soil (so does heavy machinery)
- grass dies including roots - soil will be exposed to hot sun & will be vulnerable to soil erosion by wind or rain
- when soil is compacted it can't absorb rainwater so flows over surface causing erosion
70
How is deforestation a cause of soil erosion?
- cutting down trees means no roots bind soil together
- soil becomes vulnerable to soil erosion by wind or rain
71
How is population growth a cause of soil erosion?
- as population grows, more resources are needed - crop grows for food/wood for building material & firewood
- causes overcultivation, overgrazing & deforestation, causing soil erosion
72
desertification
land turning into deserts, as a result of soil erosion & land being exposed to hot sun, also cause by a reduction in rain
73
What is the cycle of desertification?
- climate change + overcultivating, overgrazing, deforestation, population growth = amount of natural vegetation decreases
- no plants/leaves to intercept rain - soil is exposed to hot sun
- sun bakes soil & it cracks
- when it rains, rainwater runs over surface of soil rather than soaking it in
- soil can often be washed away
- soil is degraded, losing fertility & structure
- soil is worn out/ poor quality & is harder to grow crops or natural vegetation
- cycle repeats
74
What are the impacts of soil erosion?
- increased pollution & sedimentation in streams & rivers, clogging these waterways & causing declines in fish & other species
- people forced to migrate, many people (young men in particular) leaving to work in cities & towns, putting pressure on already limited urban resources
- disputes occur over land between herdsmen & farmers
- food shortages lead to malnutrition & famine, resulting in increased movement to refugee camps
- as land becomes unproductive, farm income falls, leading to widespread poverty & increased reliance on overseas aid
75
What methods can reduce soil erosion?
- harvesting branches rather than whole trees
- crop rotation to keep a varied supply of nutrients in soil
- on steep slopes, stone lines along soil contours to keep it in place
- irrigation of land
- decrease livestock
- afforestation
76
How does harvesting branches rather than whole trees reduce soil erosion?
trees survive, so roots bind to soil
77
What are the potential problems with harvesting branches rather than whole trees?
lack of resources (fuelwood)
78
How does crop rotation to keep a varied supply of nutrients in soil reduce soil erosion?
soil doesn't lose nutrients, so crops can still be grown & their roots secure the soil
79
What are the potential problems with crop rotation to keep a varied supply of nutrients in soil?
some crops are more valuable than others
80
How does placing stone lines along soil contours on steep hills to keep it in place reduce soil erosion?
provides some protection from wind & water (reduces surface runoff)
81
What are the potential problems with placing stone lines along soil contours on steep hills to keep it in place?
needs maintaining - short term solution
82
How does irrigation of land reduce soil erosion?
water allows crops/plants to grow more, so more roots to bind soil
83
What are the potential problems with irrigation of land?
expensive, lots of water need to be brought from elsewhere
84
How does decreasing livestock reduce soil erosion?
less overgrazing = more plants & less trampling
85
What are the potential problems with decreasing livestock?
lack of food & income
86
How does afforestation reduce soil erosion?
more trees = more roots = more protection
87
What are the potential problems with afforestation?
less space for development of roads/houses/farms - less space for agriculture
88
agriculture/farming
activity/business of growing crops & raising livestock
89
primary industry
production involving extraction of raw materials from the Earth
90
commercial farming
farming for a profit, farmer is growing crops/rearing animals to sell for as much money as possible
most farming in MEDCs is commercial farming
91
subsistence farming
farmers only produce enough to feed themselves & their family, without having any more to sell for profit
usually happens in LEDCs
92
arable farming
farm specialising in production of crops
93
pastoral farming
farm specialising in production of animals/animal products
94
intensive farming
generally take up a small area of land, but aim to have a very high output, through massive inputs of capital/labour. These farms use machines & new technologies to become as efficient & cost effective as possible
95
extensive farming
large farms, less money/labour used, e.g. cattle ranches of Central Australia, only few farm workers are responsible for thousands of acres of farmland
96
What factors influence the location of farms?
capital
climate
labour
market
politics
relief
soils
water supply
97
How does capital affect the location of farms?
money is very important when running a farm, subsidies & government policies have helped in some cases, but they have also meant farming is having to become more efficient/technological to survive, as prices of farm products fall, so does the farmers profits, so he can employ less people & buy less seeds/animals for next year, vicious downward trend
98
How does climate affect the location of farms?
one of most important factors when deciding what type of farming may occur in a certain area, farmers have to think about: hours of sunshine, average temp & amount of rainfall, crops will grow if enough sun for ripening, crops will not grow in cold areas - sheep farming is more common here, large amounts of rainfall is needed for rice farming
99
How does labour affect the location of farms?
every farm needs workers, as farms become increasingly mechanised, numbers of people working on farms has diminished & many of those people tend to be farm managers
100
How does market affect the location of farms?
farmers must know they are going to be able to sell their products at a good price, to make a profit, quotas & subsidies have been brought in to help farmers as the price of their products have fallen over the last 20 years
101
How does politics affect the location of farms?
government & international farming policies have had a huge impacts
in Europe, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) & EU regulations have meant farmers are protected & their produce will be bought, but some farmers have had to completely change what they are growing to suit new regulations
102
How does relief affect the location of farms?
flat, sheltered areas usually best for crops - easy to use machinery & best climatic conditions for crop growth
steep slopes usually used for sheep & cattle farming, but in some countries ,like Indonesia, steep slopes have been terraced to allow rice to grow
103
How does soil affect the location of farms?
thick, well-irrigated, often alluvial (depostied by river) soil is best for crop farming
in hilly areas, soil tends to be thinner & less fertile, so it's more suitable for sheep farming
104
What are the inputs of a system?
what goes in to make the farm products
105
What are examples of inputs of farming as a system?
physical - climate, relief, soil, seeds
human - labour, machinery, transport cost, fertilisers/pesticides, rent, money/investment
106
What is process in a system?
activities carried out to turn inputs into outputs
107
What are examples of processes of farming as a system?
ploughing
weeding
harvesting
milking
sowing
irrigation
108
What is output in a system?
products of the farm
109
What are examples of outputs of farming as a system?
crops
animal products
110
What factors may affect farming as a system, which are out the farmers control?
- physical - flood, disease
- human - change in demand, market price, government policy
111
What are the inputs of a farming system in Swaizland?
- physical - sugar beet, sugar cane, hot climate, flat land, water, soil
- human - labour, machinery, canal water, international agreements
112
What are the processes of a farming system in Swaizland?
irrigation
crushing
transporting
burning
113
What are the outputs of a farming system in Swaizland?
sugar:
- raw sugar
- brown sugar
- molasses
money
114
What are the physical inputs of a Nissan factory system in Sunderland?
energy - 20% is renewable (solar panels/wind turbines)
115
What are the human inputs of a Nissan factory system in Sunderland?
- 6,000 working in production line
- 1,000 working in offices
- £3billion in investment
- £200million government subsidies for green/electric cars (Nissan leaf + batteries)
116
What are the processes of a Nissan factory system in Sunderland?
- assembling - over 500 robots used in production line
- spraying - over 30 colours available for Quashquai
- welding
- pressing - 5,000 tonne press capable of pressing 2 cars at once
- installing tech
117
What are the outputs of a Nissan factory system in Sunderland?
- Quashquai (1 every 2 minutes for last 18 years), 750,000 sold in UK, 4 million sold globally
- 100,000 batteries for electronic cars - all vehicles will be electric by 2030
118
What factors have affected the location of Nissan factory?
- Sunderland is on coast - port city, & is sheltered (can import raw materials & export cars easily)
- A19 - major road connecting to London
- close to Durham & Newcastle unis - able to attract highly skilled engineers
- deindustrialisation in Sunderland meant many engineers needed jobs
- factory built on a disused airfield - 362,000m2 of fat land to build/expand on - land sold by government cheaply (as an insentive) agricultural prices ~ £1,800 per acre
