industry and agriculture Flashcards
(34 cards)
agriculture **
agrarian land reform
1950- reditributed land from landlords to peasants, cadres taxed people depending on how much they owned.led to speaking bitterness meetings and killings of landlords to get land- the party could say it was a peasant led revolution.
agriculture
Mutual Aid Teams
1951- ten or so families encouraged to unite,pooling labour,animals,equipment,
managed by peasant association.membership was voluntary but it was difficult to find resources without being in a MAT.
agriculture
Agricultural Producers Cooperatives
1952 - MAT’s form APC’s of 40-50 families,land could be consolidated in larger units,strong incentive for rich fams as they could keep some and rent the rest to the APC.profits are shared annually,according to resources contributed and food produced
agriculture
Higher APC’s or HPC’s
200-300 households.fams no longer owned land or equipment ,profits shared out due to labour contribution (work points earned)more land given could = more labour in rewards.ideological success,carried out quick tribute to mao’s authority+ outmanoeuvred zhou enlai, increased control at grass roots level but peasants became servants to party and not allies,source of mao overconfidence as it went well.disappointing economic impact,food didnt sustain workforce,lack of state investment in agriculture,lack of cultivated land.
the impact of apc’s
- voluntary to enforced-
- local officials had hastily created APC’s(no plans), causing debt+slowdown in spring 1953.
- rejection of revolutionary values caused pressure to join APC’s
- peasants often slaughtered animals instead of giving them over in APC’s
- gov requisitioned grain-rural protest
- Mao did another u turn, ‘stop contract and develop’ calling for an 18 month halt of APC’s.
collectivisation
july 1955 - ,17 million to 75 million 1956, only 3 % farming as individuals.said to support socialist upsurge in countryside
Real reason-supplies to the cities would be unreliable if peasants owned the land+ could revert to capitalism
why were communes introduced?
- To maximise food production in order to accelerate economic growth
- Lin Shaoqi and Deng backed the communes
- enthusiastic cadres+fact finding tour.
what were the communes like ?
1958- the next 2 yeats 750,000 collectives were merged into 26,000 communes.
a shift to commune was often a rebranding-not big change. divided into production brigades of what could be produced locally,tractor station for the brigades.unit of local government-services, elderly,ed,health.regimented lifesyle -conjugal visits.ideals of utopian socialism.
competing communes-forced to work hard.
Six hours sleep every 2 days
Loss of personal freedom +possesions;everyone had to be miltia members,farmers worked with antiquated rifles
when was the first commune?
Sputnik the first commune,henan,april 1958.27 merged collectives,9000 households.
what was produced in communes
The communes were based on walking on 2 legs policy from the GLP.labour force was to be mobilised on water conservancy,civil engineering.steel and grain equal priority.decentralising economic planning-local official push changes.over
abolition of private farming
villagers had no choice but to be absorbed into the commune ,surrender property without compensation=private farming abolished+no rewards.
what was lysenkoism?
1958,official policy programme based on pseudo science.use of new breeds and seeds, increased irrigation,pest control,close planting,deep ploughing,increased fertilisation.seriously upset ecological balance insects and vermin destroyed crops.peasants homes destroyed as animal dung from walls used for fertilisation.the points were dangerous when used together
what happened in the great famine?
- mao to intensified the communes scheme without any rebuttal
- 50 million deaths, worse in rural areas,tibet,25% of pop.
- Henan,9mill dead,accounts of people eating tree bark,husbands sold wives+prostitution.
- state continued to requisition grain from 52-62 meat production decreased,from 3.4 mill to 1.9 mill.
what were the causes?
maos ambition,lysenkoism, dismissal of experts,climate of fear, peasant demotivation and china’s priorities.
maos ambition
- commune system and fyps +engineering projects.peasants couldn’t do it all.-impossible to allocate man power efficiently.
- transport and communication not been developed
- ignored peng dehauis concern about glf
dismissal of experts
- purged in anti rightist
- the methods ran counter to what peasants did before.
climate of fear
- generated by anti rightist,cadres didn’t speak out.
- passed on optimistic reports to superiors- these reports encouraged planners to set higher targets
- cadres would transplant seedlings along mao’s route
- politburo members didnt speak out against glf .
peasant demotivation
losing their property,ewards minimal,same amount of food irrespective of how hard you work-futile
china’s priorities
- prospect of industrialising china more important than expendable chinese lives bc life loss shows strength of communism
- continued to export food during famine,rice to germany
- mao says that he would sacrifice half the chinese population for victory in nuclear war.
industrialisation
how was private farming restored?
sent a directive saying villagers could have private land in 1950 due to famine. 1961 Liu and deng broke down communes,got grain imports from canada and Australia = resolve food production-back 1967. peasant could get rewards for their work. economic realism replaces ideology.
when was the 1st 5YP?
1952-56
why was the 1st 5YP it not introduced straight away?
had to redistribute land+fix inflation+consolidate power.by 1951 annual inflation rate cut to 15%-cuts in public spending, using the yuan instead of chineses dollar and tax increase
targets of the 1st 5YP?
To be as self sufficient in food and manufactured goods centralised planning and heavy industry would come first.investing in patriotic saving schemes to direct in industrial investment.industrialisation.
features of the 1st 5YP?
used 10,000 soviet advisors as part of the sino soviet treaty+ influence of lysenkoism, had to house and pay for russians
