Inequalities

Question 1

Smith and Noble: Barriers to learning

Answer 1

Barriers to learning: 
Lack of funds to pay for uniform
Low income families suffer ill-health
Not able to pay for private tuition 
Access to computers

Question 2

Jackson

Answer 2

Survey of 2000 higher education students have debt aversion (fear of getting into debt from student loans)

Question 3

Feinstein

Answer 3

2 longitudinal studies affecting children’s success in education:
National Development Study + British Cohort study

He suggested factors including material, parents’ education, quality of schooling

Question 4

Feinstein overcoming the deprivation

Answer 4

Pre-school schemes by Labour gov are overcoming

Question 5

Gillian Evans - qualitative methodology

Answer 5

W/C parents wanted them to do well but did not use formal learning type skills bringing up children so they are less prepared for school

Question 6

Bernstein: speech patterns

Answer 6

Restricted Code

Elaborated Code

Question 7

Evaluation of Bernstein

Answer 7

Problems rooted in wider society not just teachers & educationalists

Bernstein’s definition of social class is vague, it is too simple to divide people into restricted and elaborated code

His evidence is based on unrepresentative research

Question 8

Bordieu - cultural capital

Answer 8

Cultural, social and economic capital

Bourdieu argues the role of the education system is cultural reproduction

Question 9

The influence of teachers expectations on pupils

Hargreaves

Gillborn and Youdell

Answer 9

Hargreaves - interviews with teachers and how students were typed and labelled. Speculation (guesses), working hypothesis (interactions), elaboration (classroom testing), stabilisation

Gillborn and Youdell - 2 secondary schools, allocate sets based on type rather than objective

Question 10

Fuller on ethnicity and gender

Answer 10

Small scale study on w/c black girls, felt teachers held negative stereotypes but they refused to live up to the expectation

Question 11

In Russel group uni’s white students are under represented

Answer 11

Only 14.1% were white BUT only 1/10 Oxbridge candidates were ethnic minorities

Question 12

PLATT

said ethnic minorities were…

Answer 12

The poorest (used to support material deprivation)

Question 13

MODOOD

Said that ethnic minority parents actually have alot more cultural capital because…

Answer 13

They have alot of culture due to their backgrounds however due to language barriers they take low paid jobs

(They actually have alot of knowledge)

Question 14

ARCHER & FRANCIS

overall all chinese students do better whether it be working class or middle class because…

Answer 14

Regardless of their financial situation Chinese parents still invest a lot of money & time into their children’s education

Question 15

SEWELL

Studied black Caribbean boys in comprehensive schools (11-16) & found…

Answer 15

Street culture explains low attainment: in their culture there is a high proportion of lone parent families so black boys have to step up

Put together 4 main subgroups
Conformists 
Innovators 
Retreatists 
Rebels

Question 16

Evaluation of SEWELL

Answer 16

Small scale study so its not representative

Unfair - blames the students for their under achievement without exploring other issues such as bad teaching

Question 17

CAMERON said that black boys…

Answer 17

Choose to preform badly

(Link to SEWELL & blaming students for their under performance)

Question 18

VINCENT parents of the black middle class have…

Answer 18

High aspirations & alot of cultural capital

Question 19

HARGREAVES there are 2 subcultures…

Answer 19

Deliquescent + conformist

(The conformist boys followed the rules while the deliquescent went against them)

• link to how boys are underachieving but its not all boys

Question 20

MAC AN GHAIL

Working class have different subcultures

Answer 20

Academic achievers

Macho Lads (reject authority)

New enterprisers (interest in vocational studies)

Real Englishmen (uncool to obey teachers)

Question 21

HELEN CONNOR

People from ethnic minorities are more likely to…

Answer 21

Take HE qualifications

Question 22

In 2010 black Caribbean’s 82.6% of girls but only 72.2% of boys achieved…

Answer 22

5 or more GCSE’s

Compared to 90% of Chinese girls and 90.6% Chinese boys

Question 23

DUSTMAN ethnic groups start off achieving less but…

Answer 23

Catch up (the biggest catch up is Chinese & Bangladeshi’s)

Question 24

SHARP changing attitudes for girls…

Answer 24

In 1970 their man priorities were love marriage husbands and children but in 1990’s did the same survey at the same school & found their priorities had changed to careers

Question 25

FRANCIS & SKELTON Girls have increasing pressure to...

Answer 25

Pass exams

Question 26

Changes in job market...

Answer 26

In 1997 53% of women were in employment but in 2014 67% were BUT male employment fell because of industrialisation

Question 27

Rise in feminism - the ACTS...

Answer 27

Equal Pay Act 1970 Sex Discrimination Act Led to rise in employment

Question 28

ARNOT said...

Answer 28

Female teachers transmit feminist ideas to girls

Question 29

BECK (individualisation) we now live in a 'risk society' because...

Answer 29

Because they are more concerned with personal issues such as divorce

Question 30

HANAN growing up boys communicate & relate by doing this whereas girls...

Answer 30

Express feelings by talking and therefore they developed better language skills = they have higher level of attainment

Question 31

Coursework benefits

Answer 31

Because they are more organised

Question 32

ARCHER & JACKSON on different types of female...

Answer 32

Archer - sexualised hyper feminine identity (more concerned with hair and beauty) Jackson - Ladettes (more male characteristics)

Question 33

Boys achieving less...

Answer 33

MAC AN GHAIL - crisis of masculinity due to a decline in male jobs (industrialisation) WILLIS - lad culture 'having a laff' (anti school subculture) FRANCIS - boys have unrealistic career ambitions such as being footballers GORDON BROWN - in 2006 we have a wasted generation of boys COFFEY - this leads to a moral panic

Question 34

National Literacy Trust Survey found...

Answer 34

76% of boys did not do as well on reading compared to girls

Question 35

The global ''Gender Apartheid'' in education refers to economic & social sexual discrimination against individuals because of their sex & gender

Answer 35

Girls denied opportunities... In Sub-Saharan Africa only 23% of poor rural girls complete primary education

Question 36

We have an Ethnocentric Curriculum .....

Answer 36

Thats focuses on white history

Question 37

GILLBORN & YODELL - teachers racialise expectations...

Answer 37

Education triage - teachers focus on students borderline achieving 5 grade C's or above

Question 38

MIRZA - myth of underachievement for black women

Answer 38

Most girls were confident in their own abilities but felt teachers put them down Argued black girls were denied opportunities due to lower expectations

Question 39

MAC AN GHAIL - gifted black

Answer 39

Ethnographic study of 25 black and 25 asians and the majority of students felt they were victims of racism were not necessarily most negative to education They call it 'resistance within accommodation' they bind together to get good marks

Question 40

11+ exams girls used to have to score higher to get a place in a comprehensive school ALSO IN 1990

Answer 40

the gender gap of 5 or more GCSE's A*- C widened from 7.6% - 10.6% Girls have always been smarter so they had to work harder

Question 41

In 2004 - girls did better in all subjects apart from maths In 2012 the average pin t score per student achieved by females at the end of KS5 was 740.3 compared to 706.4 for males

Answer 41

In the 1970's made up only 1/3 of the students in HE BY 1990's they outnumbered males

Question 42

Are females out preforming males? Only some boys are under achieving White working class are underachieving BUT feminists says

Answer 42

Females are still at disadvantaged in some areas of education