infancy Flashcards by matthew tarzwell

What is the age range that falls under infancy?

birth to 24 months

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describe the cephalocaudal pattern of growth in infants

head grows mostly in early infancy and growth slowly descends to the trunk

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How does the infants brain at birth and at 24 months compare to the size of an adult brain?

at birth 25%

24 months 75%

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Describe the proximodistal pattern.

growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities

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What is the rate of height growth in an infant?

2.5 cm (1”) /month

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What is the rate of weight gain per day in an infant?

28g/day

doubled at 4 months
almost tripled at 1 yr

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how does the weight and height of an infant compare to the weight of an adult at 2 yrs?

1/5 adult weight

1/2 adult height

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What might you suggest if a 3 month old wakes during night?

make sure it is fed, changed, dry, warm/cool, keep in bed (don’t let play), touch to let them know you are there

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What is SIDS?

sudden infant death syndrome

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What are some risk factors for SIDS?

low birth weight
twins and triplets
infants whose siblings have died of SIDS
infants with sleep apnea
African American and inuit backgrounds
low socioeconomic status
passive exposure to cigarette smoke
soft bedding

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Describe the nutritional needs of the infant in the first 6 months

human milk most desirable, formula is an alternative

recommended to give vitamin D

4-6 months introduce iron

solid foods before 4-6 mo is not recommended.

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What can happen if solids are fed to infants in the first 6 months?

development of food allergies

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What is extrusion?

the infants reflex to push food out of the mouth before 6 months old

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What is intrusion?

the infants reflex to push food back into the esophagus after 6 months

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Describe the nutritional needs of an infant after 6 months.

human milk or formula continues to be primary nutrition

iron fortified infant cereal first, then strained fruits/veggies followed by meats and eggs

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What developments help infants to process solid foods?

GI tract has matured and can handle complex nutrients and is less sensitive to allergens

tooth eruption

head control

voluntary grasping and improved hand eye

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How should foods be introduced?

one at a time with about 5 days in between to allow detection and cause if there is a reaction

iron fortified cereal, fruits/veggies, then meats and eggs

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How do motor skills develop regarding head control?

full term newborns can temporarily hold head at midline

by 3 months: have control over holding their head

Head lag should go away by 4 months old

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When can an infant roll from abdomen to back?

3-4 months

When can an infant roll from back to abdomen?

6 months

describe how sitting skills develop in an infant.

6-7 months: can sit alone, leaning forward on their hands for support

8 months: can sit well while unsupported and begin to explore surroundings

10 months: can maneuver from prone to a sitting position

Describe how locomotion is developed.

cephalocaudal pattern

4-6 months have increasing coord of arms

6-7 months: bear all their weight on legs with assistance

7-8 months: stand by holding furniture to pull up and only able to fall down

10-11 months: can walk while holding furniture

1 yr may be walking

describe how fine motor skills develop in an infant.

grasping is a reflex then becomes voluntary

8-9 months: pincher grasp is developed

What is sensory development?

development of our senses and associations

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors

What is perception?

the interpretation of what is sensed

Describe how infants develop visual perception.

acuity: - legally blind when born - 20/20 when 1 yr color - not well known, but can distinguish color visual preferences - react to checker boards, black and whites, shapes, bright colors - do not react well to pale colors (pastilles)

Describe the infants stage of development regarding hearing.

- will react to different sounds at different times - will respond to mother's voice - not overly sensitive to noise

How do infants respond to touch and pain?

- will respond to touch by reflex or looking in direction | - can perceive pain (although this was not always believed to be the case)

Can infants respond to smell?

yes, respond to breast milk

Can infants respond to taste?

yes, react to things they like or dislike

What is intermodal perception?

the ability to relate and integrate information about two or more senses

What are the two schools of thought on intermodal perception?

ECOLOGICAL: baby can do this right away PIAGET: coordinated as child develops it

What is Piaget's sensorimotor stage of infant development

lasts from newborn to 24 months basically infants progress to the point where they can organize and coordinate sensations with physical movement and actions

What is object permanence?

part of Piaget's theory of infant development occurs up til about 6-8 months infant understands that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be sensed

What types of learning and remembering are developed at this phase?

HABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus reducing attention span DISHABITUATION: repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the attention span

When can a baby imitate a face?

not too clear but maybe within 72 hrs of birth

What are the 5 interactions that influence how an infant learns language

PARENTESE: kind of talk that is often taken on when speaking to babies RECASTING: rephrasing sentences into questions ECHOING: repeating what the child said but not in a question EXPANDING: expanding on what they say in order for them to learn LABELING: naming objects

How does language develop in an infant?

3-6 months: babbling/cooing to get attention at 2 yrs understands about 300 words speak first words about 13 months

What type of speech first develops in infants?

telegraphic speach

What are the three types of crying that parents can distinguish?

basic: want to hear their voice angry: more expulsion of air pain: hold their breath and use up oxygen to cry

What are the 2 types of smiles?

REFLEXIVE: anything can make them smile SOCIAL: developed 2-3 months

What is stranger anxiety and when does it develop?

become attached to one or two ppl and do not like being picked up by others develops about 6 months and escalates

What are the 3 stages of separation anxiety?

1) PROTEST: crying, grieving, confusion, tries following parents 2) DESPAIR: deep mourning, hopelessness. Appears to be happier, easier to manage. if parents return goes back to protesting 3) DENIAL/DETACHMENT: after weeks/months. Child goes back to normal, if parents return, the child ignores them

Explain Thomas and Chess's theory of temperament

three types: EASY child: - pos attitude - high activity - good routine DIFFICULT child - reacts neg - cries a lot - poor routine SLOW TO WARM UP child - low activity - somewhat neg - low ability to adapt - lower mood, cautious

What are the stages of Erikson's theories that infants go through?

TRUST vs. MISTRUST (1st yr) - gains trust when cared for in consistent warm manner AUTONOMY vs SHAME AND DOUBT - want infant to feel independent and develop sense of self - sense of self develops 18-24 months

Explain what reciprocal socialization is.

socialization is both ways between parents and infants SCAFFOLDING: parents help develop skills increasing the rate of learning