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NUTR 2050 Final > Infancy > Flashcards

Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

Infancy is what age range?

A

birth - 12 months

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2
Q

Early infancy

A

0-6 months

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3
Q

Later infancy

A

6-12 months

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4
Q

Reflex

A

automatic response triggered by specific stimulus

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5
Q

Rooting reflex

A

infant turns head toward the cheek that is touched

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6
Q

Suckle

A

reflex causing tongue to move forward and backward

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7
Q

Five domains of development

A

motor, sensort, cognitive/mental, language/communication, social/adaptive/emotional

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8
Q

Motor Development

A

ability to control voluntary muscle movement

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9
Q

Sensory

A

information from environment

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10
Q

Intrinsic influence

A

child’s health (nutrition), brain function, temperament

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11
Q

Extrinsic influence

A

family, environment, cultural

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12
Q

The development of motor control starts with?

A

head and truck control, then lower legs

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13
Q

Order of motor development

A

Top down

  • controls head first, lower legs last
  • central to extremities (shoulders controlled before fingers)
  • influences ability to be fed, feed self and the amount of energy expended
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14
Q

Gross motor skills - average age they can control head and core?

A

6 months

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15
Q

Gross motor skills - average age they can walk?

A

11 months

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16
Q

Sensorimotor

A

knowledge of world limited to sensory perception and motor activity

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17
Q

Which sensory organ is an important source of stimulation and pleasure?

A

mouth

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18
Q

Is a humans gut functional at birth?

A

yes - can digest fat, protein, simple sugars

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19
Q

At what age does GI tract mature?

A

~6 months

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20
Q

Changes to the GI as infant ages?

A
  1. levels of digestive enzymes expand
  2. speed of stomach emptying increases
  3. peristalsis becomes more consistent
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21
Q

Infants inherent preference

A

sweet taste

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22
Q

What changes are seen at 4-6 weeks?

A

reflexes fade, infant begins to purposely signal wants/needs

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23
Q

What changes are seen at 4-6 months?

A

tongue moves side to side, teeth arrive, can swallow pureed foods and hold bottle

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24
Q

What changes are seen at 9-12 months?

A

self feeding with hands/spoon, munching/biting skills, lumpy and chopped foods, drinking from open cup

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25
Q

Energy needs from birth to 6 months?

A

108 kcal/kg/day

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26
Q

Energy needs from 6-12 months?

A

98 kcal/kg/day

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27
Q

Energy needs to babies born prematurely?

A

120 kcal/kg/day

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28
Q

Factors that influence caloric needs

A

weight, growth rate, sleep/wake cycle, temperature/climate, metabolic response to food, health status

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29
Q

When do growth spurts occur?

A

typically 3 weeks and 3 months

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30
Q

Birth to 6 months protein requirements

A

2.2 g/kg/day

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31
Q

6-12 months protein requirements

A

1.6 g/kg/day

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32
Q

Premature protein requirements

A

1.52g/kg adequate if growth/digestion are not affected
3-3.5 g/kg required for preterm or recovery from illness
4 g/kg may be needed for extremely low birth weight (

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33
Q

What can be sued for ‘premies’ or sick infants to provide enough protein?

A

Hydrolyzed protein or single AA

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34
Q

Fat needs

A

30g/day for all ages

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35
Q

Do infants need cholesterol?

A

Yes - for brain development

36
Q

Birth to 6 months carb requirement

A

60g/day

37
Q

6-12 months carb requirement

A

95g/day

38
Q

What happens to protein and carb requirement as infant ages?

A

Carbs increase

Protein decreases

39
Q

When is metabolic rate the highest in humans?

A

infancy - rapid growth and high proportion of muscle

40
Q

Other important nutrients at infancy?

A

fluoride, vitamin D, iron

41
Q

Vitamin D requirement

A

breast fed babies need supp. of 400 IU from birth-1 year

42
Q

birth to 6 months iron requirement

A

0.27 mg/day

43
Q

6-12 months iron requirement

A

11 mg/day

44
Q

What types of food are recommend for infants to deliver iron?

A

iron-fortified cereals and other iron-rich foods starting at 6 months

45
Q

Hierarchy of milk recommendations

A

breast milk > cows milk formula > soy based formula

46
Q

What’s good about specialized formulas?

A
  • higher energy
  • hydrolyzed proteins
  • lactose replaced with other sugars
  • MCT added
  • DHA added
  • prebiotics
  • decreased minerals
  • fiber for thickness
47
Q

If an infant is exclusively breast fed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight, he or she may be deficient in?

A

Vitamin D

48
Q

Health Canada infancy recommendations

A
  1. support breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond, as long as mother/child want to continue
  2. whole, reduced-fat or skim cow’s milk should not be used before 9 months of age
  3. Complementary feedings starts at 6 months
  4. gradually increase frequency of complementary feedings
  5. no honey before 1 year
  6. gradually increase frequency of complementary feedings
  7. progress in textures gradually
  8. allergens
  9. consider food safety and possible choking hazards
49
Q

Why should whole, reduced-fat or skim cow’s milk not be used before 9 months of age?

A

Iron deficiency anemia is linked to early intro of cow’s milk (GI blood loss and displacement of iron rich foods)

50
Q

Complementary feedings starts at 6 months

A

start with iron rich food (cereals/meats) then slowly progress (1 new food every 2-3 days) to a variety of food the family eats
- serve food prepared without sugar

51
Q

gradually increase frequency of complementary feedings

A

By 12 months, 3 meals and 3 snacks/day

52
Q

Why no honey before the age of 1?

A

Risk of infant botulism

53
Q

progress in textures gradually

A

pureed –> lumpy –> mashed –> diced

  • lumpy foods offered no later than 9 months
54
Q

Allergens

A

after 6 months, no evidence that introducing any allergen (peanut, soy, egg) has an increased risk of developing allergy

  • offer no more than 1 potential allergen at a time and wait at least 2 days before introducing another
  • watch for reactions during multiple offerings (not the first one!)
55
Q

Consider food safety and possible choking hazards

A

avoid hard, small, round, smooth and sticky foods

56
Q

Foods that might choke infants?

A

popcorn, peanuts, raisins, whole grapes, stringy meats, gummy/hard candy, jelly beans, hot dogs, hard fruits/veggies

57
Q

Texture recommended at 6-9 months

A

pureed –> lumpy –> mashed

58
Q

What should a infant’s diet look like by the end of 9 months?

A

3 meals with breast fed formula

59
Q

Texture recommended for 9-12 months

A

diced soft foods

  • foods need to increase in texture to encourage chewing (motor development)
  • encourage self feeding and eating ‘family foods’
  • 3-4 milk feedings/day
60
Q

Diet expectations for 12 months

A
  • general pattern = 3 meals/3 snacks
  • 2 milk feedings/day
  • texture = solids increase in amount progressing towards table foods with some modifications
61
Q

Which of the following might NOT be a cue that an infant is not hungry?

A

spitting out food on the floor

62
Q

Feeding cues - hungry

A
  • watches food being prepared
  • reaches for food/spoon
  • tightens fists
  • irritation if pace is too slow or stops
63
Q

Feeding cues - full

A
  • plays with food/utensils
  • slows pace of eating
  • turns away from food
  • tries to get out of high chair
  • stops eating
  • spits out food
64
Q

Parent is responsible for?

A

milk, solid food

65
Q

Infant is responsible for?

A

whether/if and how much/how fast

66
Q

Feeding techniques:

A
  1. sit in front to feed, make eye contact
  2. hold spoon about a foot away, wait for baby to open mouth
  3. new food - put on lip, if familiar - put in mouth
  4. pace and amount depends on child
  5. talk together
  6. stop when signals finished
  7. provide several opportunities/tastes
67
Q

Growth reflects?

A

nutritional adequacy, health status, economic and environmental adequacy

68
Q

How can growth be assessed?

A

weight, height/length, head circumference

69
Q

What does it mean if infant is in the 95th percentile for their age/weight

A

child weighs the same or more than 95% of the reference population or child weighs less than 5% of the reference population

70
Q

Warning signs for poor growth (up/down)

A
  • loss of weight or length gain
  • plateau in weight or length for >1 month
  • drop in weight without regain in a few weeks
  • fast gain in weight
71
Q

? is an unsafe food to give to a one year old infant?

A

Gummy bears

72
Q

Alternative for very low birth weight and low birth weight

A

Fenton chart and infant health and development program charts

73
Q

What is the gestational adjusted age for a 9 month old infant born at 32 weeks of age?

A

7 months

74
Q

How to correct for gestational age?

A
  1. subtract gestational age at birth from 40 weeks
  2. divide by 4 to get months
  3. subtract that amount from current age
75
Q

Ex. infant born at 30 weeks; assessing growth at 3 months

A
  1. 40-30 = 10 weeks
  2. 10/4 = 2.5 months

Current age = 3 months so, 3-2.5 = 0.5 months or 2 weeks old

76
Q

True or false - low birth weight infants are at a greater risk of dying during the first year of life and developing chronic health problems?

A

True

77
Q

Failure to thrive (FTT)

A

when the infant is growing more slowly than other infants of his/her own age

78
Q

FTT - organic

A

diagnosed condition (e.g. chronic ear infections)

79
Q

FTT - inorganic

A

not based on medical diagnosis (e.g. maternal mental health)

80
Q

Hypothesis of allergy cause

A

absorption of intact proteins causes allergic reactions

81
Q

common allergic reaction symptoms

A

respiratory/skin rashes

82
Q

allergy treatment

A

baby formula with hydrolyzed proteins

83
Q

Oral tolerance induction

A
  • idea of slow sensitization especially milk, soy, egg, wheat
  • overcome risk of allergy by consuming tiny but increasing portions of the food
  • train immature immune system
84
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest the disaccharide lactose

  • characterized by cramps, nausea and pain and alternating diarrhea/constipation
  • many infants outgrow
85
Q

Colic

A

sudden onset of irritability, fussiness or crying (>3 hours/day)

  • typically disappears by 3rd or 4th month
  • swaddling, rocking, white noise
86
Q

How is mild-moderate dehydration from acute gastroenteritis managed?

A

continued breast feeding and oral rehydration therapy

87
Q

What is one of the signs associated with inadequate growth in infants?

A

weight remaining the same over 3 months

NUTR 2050 Final (6 decks)

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