Infancy Lecture Flashcards
Define neonatal
First four weeks
Define infancy
first year
Define early childhood
first through four years
Define late childhood
four through fourteen
Causes of death for under 1 year?
SIDS Maternal complications Respiratory Accidents Bacteria Hypoxia Deformations
What causes diseases in infant and children?
Consequence of the immaturity of an organ or system
Related to the unique susceptibility of the fetus or infant to external or environmental factors
Due to a particular genetic or inherited defects
Tumor and tumor-like conditions
Define intrauterine growth retardation
Small for gestational age
Fetal factors of IUGR?
Chromosomal disorders
Congenital anomalies
Congenital infections
Placenta factors of IUGR?
Abruptio placentae (late pregnancy bleeding) Placenta previa (vaginal bleeding) Placental thrombosis Placental infection Unbilical-placental vascular anomalies Multiple gestations Confided placental mosaicism
Maternal factors of IUGR?
--Decreased blood flow to placenta Toxemia Chronic hypertension Nutritional status Narcotic abuse Alcohol intake Heavy smoking Certain drugs
Define premature
Infants born before 37 weeks
- Structural and functional immaturity of organs (morbidity and nortality)
Lungs in premature infants?
Normally until the 36th week the lungs are not developed and functioning
Kidneys in premature infants?
Priitive glomeruli and tubules are often present in teh subcapsular zone
Brain in premature infants?
Surface of the brain is relatively smooth
Poor demarcation of the white and gray matter strcutures
Enlarged liver in premature infants?
Due to the presence of extramedullary hematopoiesis
Jaundice in premature infants?
Many liver enzymes are not well developed
Define intracranial hemorrhage
Predisposing factors include prolonged labor, hypoxia, hemorrhagic disorders, and intracranial vascular anomalies
Define caput succedaneum
Accumulation of interstitial fluid in the soft tissue of the scalp, resulting in a circular area of edema, congestion and swelling at the site where the head begins to enter the lower uterine canal
Define malformations
Represents intrinsic abnormalities that occurring relatively early during fetal developmental process
Involve single or multiple organ systems
Define anencephaly
Absence of brain
Define deformations
Arise relatively late in fetal life due to influence of mechanical factors
Abnoralities in shape, form or position
- Factor: uterine constraint –> multiple fetuses
Define disruptions
Result from secondary destruction or interference with an organ or body region that was previously normal
External or internal interferences
Define amniotic bands
Occur when the amnion ruptures without injury to the chorion
- Fibrious tissues entangle the baby reducing bloody supply and causing congenital abnormalities
Define sequence
Series of multiple congenital anomalies resulting from a single localized aberration in organogenesis leading to secondary effects in other organs
- Primarily may be malformations, deformation or disruption
