Infant and Child nutrition

Question 1

• Account for 40-55% of caloric intake
• act as primary source of energy to fuel bodily activities
• glucose is main energy source for the brain and fetus (glucose is stored as glycogen whihc is only produced during the third trimester)
• lactose is what is human breast milk and cow’s milk based infant formula

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

• accounts for 40-50% of caloric intake
• breast milk and infant formulas provide 50% of calories from lipids
• due to fast growth infants require a diet with a higher percentage of kcal from fat
• body fat stores are accumulated near the end of the third trimester

Answer 2

Lipid- triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol

Question 3

• accounts for 15% of caloric intake
• whey and casein are the primary consumption
• human milk have a high nutritional quality, are more easily digested and absorbed than formula
• -human milk- 70% whey, 30% casein
• -cow’s milk- 18% whey, 82% casein
• -formula; varying when; casein ratio

Answer 3

protein

Question 4

• growth and formation of blood cells
• oxygen transportation via hemoglobin and myoglobin
• prevention of anemia (in infancy can cause motor and cognitive deficits which may be irreversible

Answer 4

Iron

Question 5

• assists over 300 enzymes
• essential for growth and development
• immune healing
• wound healing
• taste

Answer 5

Zinc

Question 6

what are contraindications to breastfeeding?

Answer 6

• HIV and Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 and 2
• active tuberculosis
• hepetic breast lesions- lesions are the problem
• classic galactosemia- can’t break down lactose
• certain inborn errors of metabolism

Question 7

• mid-pregnancy
• gland competent to secrete milk
• lactose detectable in blood and urine
• some women have slight leakage of colostrum

Answer 7

Stage 1 of lactogenesis

Question 8

• postpartum
• change from small volumes of colostrum to copious amounts of milk
• triggered by fall in progesterone and elevated prolactin

Answer 8

Stage 2 lactogenesis

Question 9

• Milk is made continuously and secreted into alveoli where it is stored until removal
• prolactin important for regulation of milk production
• oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli and ejection of milk into ducts and out of breast
• suckling triggers release of prolactin and oxytocin
• oxytocin release can be associated with sight/sound of baby or even thought of breastfeeding
• oxytocin release can be inhibited by stress, pain and fatigue

Answer 9

Lactation

Question 10

• when regular milk removal stops
• decrease in prolactin
• mammary gland returns to pre-pregnancy state

Answer 10

involution

Question 11

what is the composition of breastmilk

Answer 11

• lactoferrin- acute phase protein with antimicrobial activity
• lysozyme- antibacterial effects
• cytokines
• bifidus factor- supports growth of nonpathogenic lactobacillus in the gut, which prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria
• growth factors
• enzymes
• hormones- leptin, adiponectin, erythropoitin
• antioxidants

Question 12

what doesn’t breastmilk have?

Answer 12

Iron
Zinc
Vitamin D
Vitamin K

Question 13

what are some contraindications to breastfeeding- inborn errors of metabolism?

Answer 13

galactosemia, phenylketonuria