Infant, child and adolescent development

Question 1

Define stages: prenatal, fetus, infant, toddler, preschool

Answer 1

Prenatal= conception -> 8 weeks

Fetus= ->birth

Infant= ->15 months

Toddler= -> 2.5 years

Preschool= -> 6 years

Question 2

Stage of fetal movement, hear, retinal response, taste, eyelids open, grasp, moro, sucking, cerebral cortex

Answer 2

movement 16-20w, hear 18w, retinal response 20w, taste 7mo, eyelids open 7mo, grasp 17w, moro 25w, sucking 28w, cerebral cortex 10mo

Question 3

PND tests

Answer 3

Amniocentesis

USS

CVS

aFP (+in NTD)

Fetal blood/skin

Fetoscopy

Xray

Question 4

When is white matter particularly susceptible to ischemic and metabolic injury

Answer 4

<32 weeks

Question 5

Brief overview of maternal stress effects on fetus

Answer 5

+BP, HR, activity=

hyperative, irritable, LBW, feeding and sleeping difficulty

Question 6

Features of fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 6

33% alcoholic pregnant women affected

Growth retardation-> ht, wt, micropthalmia, short palpebral fissue, midface hypoplasia, short philtrum, thin upper lip

Microcephaly

Delayed development, seizures

?ADHD association due to alcohols effect on reducing DA

Question 7

Normal behavioural development

Answer 7

Question 8

Common causes of human malformation observed during first year of life

Answer 8

Question 9

Marijuana effects on fetus

Answer 9

LBW, premature, withdrawal= irritable, tremor, hyperemesis

Question 10

Language development

Answer 10

Question 11

Cognitive development

Answer 11

Question 12

Emotional development

Answer 12

Question 13

Types of attachment

Answer 13

Question 14

Stages of separation-individuation

Answer 14

Question 15

Drawings during childhodd- brief representation

Answer 15

Early= representational and formal

Middle= perspective

Adolescence= affect laden

Reflect body image, sexual and aggressive impulses

Question 16

Age of imaginary companion and purpose

Answer 16

50% of 3-10 year olds

Usually friendly, people/objects anthropomorphosised, relieve lonliness, reduce anxiety

Can occasionally persist into adulthood however usually end age 12

Question 17

Girls without identification with mother

Answer 17

Become stuck at 6 yo level, fear women/men or both or become seductively close with them

Question 18

Boys without identification with father

Answer 18

fear men, unable to leave mother, lack initiative, unable to master school skills

Question 19

Content of childrens drea,s 2, 4, 5-6. Are parasonias common during this time?

Answer 19

2yo-> bitten, chased

4yo-> animal dreams, people that protect or destroy

5-6yo-> killed, injury, flying, ghosts

Due to developing conscience, moral values and +conflicts

By 5, know dreams not true. By 7 know they create their dreams

Parasomnias common-> walking, talking, eneuresis, night terrors

Difficulty falling asleep may be to do with child’s fear of dreaming

Question 20

Effects of divorce

Answer 20

Question 21

Types of step-families

Answer 21

Question 22

Three expected developmental changes during adolescence

Answer 22

1. Increase in risk taking
2. Increased sexual behaviour
3. Move toward peer affiliation

Question 23

What information may be gained from an adolescent’s identification with a particular idol

Answer 23

Adolescents who become overly identified with an idol to exclusion of other activities-> greater risk for serious emotional problems.

May indicate social isolation, rejection from peers

Question 24

Early adolescence

Answer 24

From 12-14

Most striking changes

Rejection of family norms, greater awareness of style, sexuality, growing desire for autonomy

Question 25

Middle adoescence

Answer 25

14-16 yo Lifestyles reflecting pursuits of own independence Romantic relationships Self esteem has pivotal role on risk taking behaviours Sense of omnipotence Underestimate risks

Question 26

Late adolescence

Answer 26

17-19 yo Continued exploration of academic pursuits, musical, athletics etc Greater definition of self and sense of belonging

Question 27

Cognitive maturation in adolescence

Answer 27

Abstract and hypotheticals Self observation and regulation Omnipotent belief system

Question 28

What us morality

Answer 28

values/beliefs, codes of behaviour conforming to those shared in society

Question 29

Stages of moral development

Answer 29

Preconventional- parental punishment and obedience Conventional role-conformity= conform Self accepted moral principles= voluntarily comply on basis of concept of ethical principles-\>making exceptions when necessary

Question 30

Correlates of good self esteem

Answer 30

Perception of +ve physical appearance and high value to peers and family

Question 31

Factors influencing sexual behaviour in adolescents

Answer 31

Personality-\>impulsivity = younger at first intercourse, more partners, more STDs, less contraception Gender Culture and religion Race Family

Question 32

Impact of children being born to teenage mothers

Answer 32

+Prematurity LBW +mortality \<5 +risk of neglect and abuse Poor school performance +divorce in mother

Question 33

Alcohol use overview in adolescents- age at first drink, regular drinking age, highest prevalence of binge drinking

Answer 33

11 yo boys, 13 girls 15.9 regularly drinking 18-25 highest heavy/binge drinking

Question 34

Consequences of cigarette smoking for teenagers- socially, psychologically

Answer 34

+fights, carry weapons Suicide attempts Depression High risk sexual behaviour 1/3 die from smoking related diseases

Question 35

Most important factor associated with violence in young boys

Answer 35

Growing up in a household without a father/father surrogate

Question 36

Define social bullying

Answer 36

Use of peer rejection or exclusion to humiliate/isolate a victim

Question 37

Factors leading to violent acts in teenagers

Answer 37

Impulsivity Learning difficulties Low Iq Fearlessness Witnessing violent acts

Question 38

Early warning signs of school violence

Answer 38

Social withdrawal Feelings of isolation and being alone, rejection Victim of violence Being persecuted Expression of violence in writings/drawings Uncontrolled anger Impulsive/chronic hitting, intimidating, bullying Disciplinary problems, violence/aggression, drugs/alcohol, gangs, possession/access to firearms, serious threats of violence

Question 39

Sexual maturity rating

Answer 39

Question 40

Juvenile sex offender subtypes

Answer 40

Question 41

Prostitution in adolescents- age, home-life

Answer 41

Usually enter age 13, as young as 9 Sex slave trafficking Often come from broken homes and ran away from home- picked up by pimps

Question 42

Correlation between body piercings and drugs

Answer 42

Teenagers that endorse more than one body piercing/tattoo are more likely to endorse gateway drugs-\> cigarrettes, alcohol, marijuana and experiment with hard drugs-\>cocaine, meth, ecstasy