INFANT COMMUNICATION

Question 0

Cognitive Developments

Answer 0

• 6 Months:they use toys to make noise.
• 11 months: recognizes own name when called
• 12 months:uses common objects appropriately

Question 1

DEVELOPMENT IN RELATED DOMAINS

Answer 1

Infant development milestones in McLaughlin pp. 175-177 lecture notes only on exam.

Question 2

Cognitive developments

Answer 2

• 1 month: demonstrates regard for caregivers face & near objects
• 3 Months: visually search for sound
• 4 months: Localizes sound sources

Question 3

Social Developments

Answer 3

• 1 Month: establish eye contact with caregiver
• 3 Months:exhibits selective social smile
• 10 Months: gives toy on request
• 12 Months: exhibits emotions such as sympathy,jealousy,affection

Question 4

Motor developments

Answer 4

• 2 months: achieves Visual focus
• 3months: reach for or grasps an object
• 5 months: sits up with slight support
• 7 months: crawls & pulls self to stand

Question 5

By one year of age …

Answer 5

• Babies can point to what they want

- Sheehan(Stanford Child Neurology): if a child is not pointing by her first birthday, we suspect autism

Question 6

II.GENERAL PRECURSORS TO LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT**

-Ability to engage in reciprocal interactions,routines,and general exchanges with others

Answer 6

• Ability to recognize and attend to environment change.

- Awareness that she can be an agent of change in her environment

Question 7

As an example of reciprocal interactions..

Answer 7

Talking twin boys official video

Question 8

Harrison, L.J, Mcleod.(2010). Risk and protective factors associated with speech and language impairments.. Journal or Speech and Hearing Research,53, 508-5029

Answer 8

• Examined 5,000 Australian preschoolers

- Found Best ch had better receptive vocabularies then bottled ch

Question 9

III.DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES OF INFANT SPEECH**

Answer 9

Birth-4 weeks : vegetative sounds like burps,cries
1-4 Months : Cooing-Vowels that sound like /u/–often accomplish by /k/ and /g/ - type sounds (Velars). Cooing usually happens in pleasurable face-face interactions with caregivers.

Question 10

III. DEVELOPMENTAL MILES OF INFANT SPEECH**

continued

Answer 10

• 4-6 Months: Marginal babbling. Baby produces vowels-like sounds will simple consonants in cv or vc form
• 6-8 months : Vocal Play : babies do:
• Reduplicated babblin/ma-ma-ma-ma
• Non-reduplicated or variegated /babbling/ /agabidamo/

Question 11

During Babbling

Answer 11

• The most common sounds are the front and middle sounds

- By 1 Year of age, most American babies use / h,d,b,m,t,g,w,nk/

Question 12

*E 8-12 months-echolalia

Answer 12

(not like in autism) This is the baby’s relatively immediate reproduction of speech heard in the immediate environment

Question 13

*9-12 months-jargon

Answer 13

this consists of strings of syllables produced with stress and intonation that sound like real speech

Question 14

INFANT AND CAREGIVER COMMUNICATION:RESEARCH DESIGNS

Answer 14

-In longitudinal research,observe same babies over extended period of time.

Question 15

in cross sectional research

Answer 15

simultaneously, observe groups of babies who are different ages

Question 16

in single-subject experimental designs

Answer 16

-get a baseline of baby’s behavior.
-E.g., they often might try to see how often a baby spontaneously
vocalize in a 10-min.time period.
-when no one does anything special
-Then they introduce a variable such as a musical toy, to see if the baby vocalizes more

Question 17

Prelinguistic Communication

Prelocutionary Stage (0-6 Months

Answer 17

-Caregivers infer messages–impose communication significance on babies’ behaviors such as vocal sounds,cries,and smiles

Question 18

When babies cry

Answer 18

• they is stimulation of laryngeal and oral functions
• crying alerts caregivers to baby’s needs
• babies begin to understand cause- effect relationships-they cry(cause),and there is an effect(someone comes to meet their needs)

Question 19

paul & Norbury, 2012

Answer 19

• after 12 weeks of age, there should be a significant decrease in the amount of crying
• between 2-4 months of age,pleasure sounds like “mmmmmm” begin to emerge.

Question 20

there are 2 different kinds of smiles:

Answer 20

reflexive smiles: result from internal physiological stimuli
they occur primarily during sleep
-social smile occur in responce to another person

Question 21

in terms of gaze patterns

Answer 21

• very early in life,babies
• like things with sharp contrasts & things that move
• by the end of the second month, babies can maintain eye contact with there caregivers

Question 22

caregivers establish joint attention with their babies

Answer 22

joint action:shared activity that provides the topic of the caregivers utterances as well as providing the focus of attention.
-joint reference: caregivers utterances & shared attention are focused
on object.

Question 23

caregivers also engage babies in turn taking activities

Answer 23

Be careful babies will imitate everything

• turn taking: alternation of responses & pauses between participants in the activity.
• foundation of dialogue
• caregivers often play and such as patty cake ,peek-a-boo & so on

Question 24

thus in the Prelocutionary stage

Answer 24

-Caregivers interpret the babies actions & vocalizations to interaction age basically beyond their controll

Question 25

illocutionary stage( 6-12 months)

Answer 25

the baby's behavior is consciously influencing other people to act on some subject or object

Question 26

HALLIDAY CLASSIFIED COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THIS STAGE:**

Answer 26

Personal -the baby expresses to obtain a particular type of interaction(e.g being picked up)

Question 27

Interactional-baby is trying to establish

Answer 27

- interactions with others - (genetic-pay attention to me) - Instrumental-baby wants someone to help her obtain an object

Question 28

babies often use

Answer 28

- Phonetically consistent forms - these are not attempts at real words - they are reliably associated with certain situations - For example when, when the family dog comes in,the baby may say "eebye"

Question 29

Emergent Literacy

Answer 29

- Babies can be introduced to books! - McLaughlin discuses reading at 5-6 months of age - i begin on day one :-)

Question 30

books for babies should

Answer 30

- have bright pictures - be fairly short - be indestructible! plastic is good. - have simple pictures,esp.of common object - maybe have to feel (e.g.types of animal fur.)

Question 31

VII. Cultural And Socioeconomic differences

Answer 31

in some cultures (e.g. Japanese) mothers have physical contact with their babies & vocalize less -American Mothers typically respond more babies pleasure sound,mothers form other cultures respond more to sound distresss

Question 32

Kung San caregivers in Botswanna are more likely to interact with baby

Answer 32

when she is not focusing on an object | -if a baby is attending to an object,caregivers

Question 33

to gain their babies attention

Answer 33

- Thai mothers use a falling pitch pattern | - American Mothers often use a rising intonation

Question 34

in some cultures

Answer 34

Caregivers silent with infants believe that talking with infants is not important - More focus on physical affection meeting the baby's physical needs - the baby may have much more interaction with siblings then with mother(e.G. in Samoan Culture)

Question 35

in terms of socioeconomics status

Answer 35

- Low ses Mothers use More orders & Commands; Middle-SES Mothers ask more questions -Low -SES Parents often talk to their babies much less frequently -"Why should I talk to him? He can't talk back to me yet!" -May also be too tired to do this.