Infant nutrition Flashcards
(40 cards)
Which categories of animals have presence of mammary glands?
- monotremes (lay eggs)
- marsupials (immature live-born, live in pouches)
- eutherians (placental mammals)
What is purpose of the adaptation of apocrine gland?
provide moisture for eggs, including immune components to prevent infection
What does the hairs on the egg do?
spread the layer of fluid on egg
In animals, what are the advantages of the nutritional secretions (and lactation)?
- provide nutrition distant from food source, rely on maternal source
- enable decreased size of egg/yolk
- young can grow to large size/maturity, before developing features to eat specialised diets
What methods of nutritional secretions are produced by non-mammalian species?
- crop milk in birds
- mouth-to-mouth holocrine secretion
What is the alpha-lactalbumin (from lysozome) component’s role in milk?
- initially in synthesis of oligosaccharides, not lactose
- present before milk had nutritional role
Explain what milk fat globules are (MFGM):
- found in all species
- unique to milk
- unique structure
- contains proteins essential for synthesis and secretion of MFG
What are the examples of MFGM?
- butyrophilin
- xanthine
- oxoreductase
TRUE OR FALSE: Milk and mammary genes are more highly conserved than other genes.
TRUE
Explain why it would be low daily investment cost for primate lactation:
- long periods of dependency on parents
- spreads cost of investment but also creates potential for conflict between mother and infant
What is the difference with human and ape lactation?
- higher fat, lower protein
- related to larger brain
What are some facts about the content and features in human lactation?
- high oligosaccharide and sIgA content
- unusual flexibility strategy for feeding young
- shorter periods of lactation and shorter intervals between births
How is the energy cost human lactation reduced?
- depletion of fat stores deposited during pregnancy
- complementary feeding, intro other food alongside milk
What happens in complementary feeding period?
allows mother to shorten lactation period + regain fertility sooner (flexible depending on environment)
- greater reliance on learning and influence of culture
- establish social relationships (rituals, confinement, special diets)
What are the benefits in the mother-infant signalling?
- helps maternal behavior/psychological state
- breast milk involved
- infant behaviour affected
- physical contact and interaction
What are some non-nutrient factors in breast milk?
- oligosaccharides
- bacteria
- microRNAs
- cells
- growth factors
- hormones
What are the stages of milk?
- colostrum
- foremilk
- hindmilk
What is the difference in the early and late milk?
more fat in the latter stages of milk (foremilk and hindmilk)
The nutrient requirements of infants are based on?
- estimated nutrient intakes of healthy breast-fed infants growing normally during the first 6 months
- a mixed approach for infants 6-12 months
What supplements do infants need?
Vitamin K and D
Regarding iron, what happens in the infant during the first few months?
- infants use iron stores acquired during gestation and delivery (placental transfusion)
- don’t rely on iron from milk
- breastmilk has very low iron content (advantage, ‘cause excess iron promotes growth of pathogenic organisms)
Regarding iron, what happens in the infant during the second half of infancy?
- iron stores from birth used up (occurs depending of time of cord clamping, infant sex, growth rate)
- high iron requirements support normal growth and development (iron deficiency can have permanent adverse effects on cognitive development)
What is the BMR of babies?
40-70%
What is the physical activity of babies %?
25-50%
