Infant vocalisations (5) Flashcards
(20 cards)
1
Q
Methodological constraints
A
- record infant vocalisations and take a snapshot … not representative of whole speech signal
- monotonous to record whole speech signal
- need to do inter-rater reliability
2
Q
Burder et al (2008)
A
- predominance of ‘modal’ phonation in infants
- non modal = loft register (high freq.) and bi phonation
- variability between and within children
- 3 early categories:
1. vowels (mid pitch, full vowels or quasi vowels)
2. squeals (high pitch)
3. growls (low pitch/ mid pitch)
3
Q
Iyer and Oller (2008)
A
- F0 = infants higher and more variable than adults
- infants have a higher larynx
- infants with hearing loss have a more variable F0 than TD infants because of less auditory feedback so there is a more variable pitch range
4
Q
Structure of infant vocal tract
A
- overlapping pharynx and nasopharynx in young infants
- small vocal tract cavity restricts tongue movement
- raised larynx
- physiological constraints effects vocalisations until 7 months old
5
Q
Oller (1980)
A
Classification of prelinguistic production (infra phonology)
- 1-4 months = primitive articulation stage. Vocal production incorporates articulator movements at back of vocal tract and tongue and epiglottal contact with soft palate used to produce stop consonants
- 3-8 months = expansion/exploratory stage. Vocal production more fully open, fully resonant sounds produced, slow sequence of CV articulation with long transitions and individual isolated symbols
- 5-10 months = canonical syllable stage. Faster transitions leading to canonical syllable stage. Repetition of CV.
6
Q
Oller et al (2013)
A
- functional flexibility - ability to produce a set of sounds with a variable meaning e.g. ‘I got a B for my essay’ - joy or anger
- intonation indicates mood or emotion (prosody)
- 3 types of vocalisations occur within full range of expression at 3-4 months e.g. squeals, vowel-like sounds and growls
- BUT infant cry and laughter shows functional stability
- cry = negative
- laugh = positive
METHOD
- 9 infants at 3 different stages in first year of life and looked at parent and child interaction and coded for facial expressions e.g. smiling and grimacing
RESULTS
- most vocalisations are neutral - reflected different states of mind
- cry and laughter are highly related - pos and neg
- squeal, vacant and growl are very variable and neutral
7
Q
McCune and Viham (2001)
A
- earliest stable consonants are stops and nasals involving simple raising and lowering of the jaw
- distinct patterns in produced consonants
- nasals and stops early on in babbling
8
Q
Fromkin (2001)
A
- early stages of babbling are universal
- the 12 most frequent consonants of the world’s languages comprise 95% of all consonants produced in early babbling
9
Q
Davis and MacNeilage (1995)
A
- frame/content theory of early speech organisation, early speech dominated by cycles of mandibular oscillation - the starting tongue position determines both consonant and vowels
- infants babbling - jaw up and down
- tongue position seems to matter a lot
10
Q
McCune and Vihman (2001)
A
- infant gains greater voluntary control over consonant articulation - concept of vocal motor schemes (VMS), production of a lot of occurrences of a given consonant in each of the 3/4 successive 30min observational sessions, consistency and stability in production
- correlational relationship between production and later development
- correlation between no. of consistent VMS produced and no. of words produced when producing language - later stages
- significant correlation between age/ rate of VMS and no. of referential words produced at 16 months - close interaction between phonetic progress and development of a lexicon
- greater VMS = greater early word production
- children base words on early vocal repertoire
11
Q
Baysson-Bardies (1993)
A
- influence of ambient language:
- Nigerian = VCV
- French = CVCV
12
Q
Meltzoff et al (2009)
A
- Chinese infants produce Chinese tones
13
Q
Social interaction effecting infant vocalisation
A
- parental behaviour influences infant responsiveness
- infant behaviour influences caregiver responsiveness
14
Q
Blooma nd Lo (1990)
A
- adults show a preference for 3 month olds
- syllabic > vocalic
- attractive syllabic > non attractive syllabic
15
Q
Beumont and Bloom (1993)
A
- adults give higher ratings to syllabic babbling, even between boys and girls
16
Q
Grous-Louis et al (2006)
A
- unstructured play session
- 10 month old infant
- mothers responded with vocal feedback compared to interactive responses
- e.g. smile when an infant makes a sound
- e.g. vowel like sound/ consonant vowel
- feedback guides vocalisation development
17
Q
Goldstein et al (2003)
A
- 8 month old mother-child
- yolked social groups - not directly responding to infant behaviour
- contingent social group - direct response
- contingent = rapid restructuring and incorporating phonological patterns from caregiver speech
- non-contingent feedback did not restructure
- discover babbling patterns using generalisations
18
Q
Pattern et al (2014)
A
- some evidence of late onset or qualitative differences in babbling infants with hearing impairment and speech and language disorders
- retrospective study;
- late onset canonical babbling in those who were later diagnosed with autism (cause of effect?)
- 23/37 diagnosed with ASD
- therefore, not a predictor of later ASD
19
Q
Oller et al (2010)
A
- diagnosis
- day-long audio recordings collected naturally
- differentiated TD and autism/ speech and language difficulties
- automated analysis should be used
- TD = more canonical
- autistic = shorter duration of utterances
- objective evaluation (+)
- identify and treat (+)
- higher accuracy (+)
20
Q
Huckvale et al (2009)
A
- KLAIR - a virtual infant for spoken language acquisition research
- records caregiver interaction
- caregivers learn through interaction, not passive observation
- encourages parents to practice interaction
