Infants (Birth - 1 year) Flashcards
(24 cards)
Caloric intake is
high compared to their size
Milk is the
primary source of food for infants
Carbohydrates for infants
0-6 months: 60 g/day of carbohydrate
7-12 months: 95 g/day of carbohydrates
Breastfeeding is not always possible
not always easy to feed in public spaces
Return to go back to work
Express the milk and storing it is not always convenient
Strictly milk
up to 6 months
Begin solids at
6 months with milk up to 2 years
Breastfed infants must be given vitamin D - no exposure to sunlight
In milk there is calcium. Vitamin D is needed to absorb the calcium
Extra: Vit C is needed to absorb iron
Formula milk is fortified, so vitamin D is added. Therefore, there is no need to add vitamin D to formula milk
Weight usually
doubles by 6 months (average: 7 pounds at birth)
What indicated nutritional status?
Growth rate in weight, length and head circumference
Breast milk vs formula
Breast milk is easier to digest. Formula milk is thicker and heavier, and as a result, it keeps them full for a longer period of time
Carbohydrate
Some fruit juices, apple, pear, white grape, and prune juice, contain sugars that can cause diarrhea in infants. They should not be given until after 6 months of age
During the second 6 months of life, infants should be gradually introduced to fiber-containing foods, such as whole-grain cereals, vegetables, and legumes
Protein
Breast milk and infant formula are good sources of protein. No other source of protein is needed in the first 6 months of life
Later (8 months) introduce sources of protein in addition to breast milk/infant formula include:
Meat Poultry, fish Egg yolks Cheese Yogurt Legumes
Fats/Lipids
Breast milk and infant formula provide about 50% of their calories from lipids
Lipids provide essential fatty acids that are required for normal brain development, healthy skin and hair, normal eye development, and resistance to infection and disease
Fat and cholesterol should not be limited in the diet of infant
The amount of fat in an infant’s diet should NOT be monitored - Do not cut back on fat intake for infants (unless it is bad/unhealthy fat) Ex. don’t give child skim milk
Vitamin D
Breastfed infants should receive 200 IU supplemental vitamin D daily to prevent rickets
Breastfed infants who drink at least 500 mL of infant formula do not need supplemental vitamin D
Iron
Full-term, breastfed infants need approximately 1 mg/kg/day of supplemental iron at 4 to 6 months of age, preferably from complementary foods (ex. Iron-fortified infant cereal and/or meats)
Infant formula meet the daily iron requirement
All formula-fed infants should receive only iron-fortified infant formula during the first year of life
Infants should not drink cow’s milk, goat’s milk, or soy-based beverages (before 1 year) because they contain a small amount of iron that is poorly absorbed by infants
These can also lead to allergies in some cases
Breastmilk
Promotes mother-child bonding
Colostrum is rich in antibodies and white blood cells - less infections
Easy to digest
WHO recommends colostrum within the first hour of birth
Fore milk is mature that develops in a few days, changes to hind milk which allows weight gain
Baby food: Homemade vs. Store bought
Homemade is more time consuming, need to be organised and have time
Store bought is not entirely natural, there may be added flavour and preservatives
Gets expensive, but is quick
Baby may get used to artificial foods
Nutrition and Health concerns
Undernutrition
Sudden infant death syndrome
Don’t keep toys and things that could possibly smother them
Start Pg 600 (main ideas for infants)
Chapter 15-16
CASE STUDY PAGE 615
Damon’s mother did not specify what type of formula she gives to her child or how she prepares it? What questions would you ask about his formula?
What potential danger await Daman if his growth continues to lag behind?
What foods should damon’s caregiver offer that are appropriate for his age and nutritional needs?
What problems might arise from consumption of sugary drinks from a bottle?
Does damon need any vitamin or mineral supplements?
Vitamin K assists with blood clotting. Newborns have low levels of vitamin K because of the following reasons:
Limited amounts of this vitamin are transferred from the mother to the fetus during gestation
Breast milk is not particularly high in vitamin K
Newborn infants lack the intestinal bacteria that synthesize vitamin K
Infant vitamin K deficiency can lead to a rare but potentially fatal bleeding problem
What Not to Feed an Infant
Excessive infant formula or human milk Foods that tend to cause choking Potential food allergens before 4 months of age Cow’s milk, especially low-fat or fat-free cow’s milk Goat’s milk Excessive fruit juice Food safety hazards Excessive nutrient supplements
What to Feed an Infant
Variety of foods
Pay attention to infant’s appetite to avoid overfeeding or underfeeding
Infants need fat
Choose fruits, vegetables, and grains, but do not overdo high fiber foods
Use sugars in moderation
Skip heavily seasoned and processed foods
Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium
vs Formula
vs.
Promotes bonding with caregiver
Nutritious - has all nutrients the baby needs (iron)
expensive
Convenient (no issues in public)
