Infants/Toddlers

Question 0

9 characteristics from birth

Answer 0

activity level
persistence
distractability
initial reaction
adaptibility
mood
intensity
sensitivity
regularity

Question 1

Alexander Thomas, Stella Chess

Answer 1

1950’s
infant temperment
9 characteristics from birth

Question 2

self-soothing

Answer 2

3-4 mo

Question 3

newborn

Answer 3

rooting, sucking, crying
moro reflex, grasping, head control
tracking
bonding, skin to skin

Question 4

John Bowlby

Answer 4

attachment - relationship based on critical need, inc survival
“bonding” - doesn’t directly affect survival but has a profound
“mothers” - responsive to needs, sense of security
proximity-seeking behaviors
contact-maintaining behaviors (safe haven, safe base, separation distress)

Question 5

Margaret Mahler

Answer 5

mother is an extension of the infant themself

separation individualation

Question 6

Harlow’s Monkeys

Answer 6

1960s
rhesus babies taken from mother 6-12 hrs after birth
baby goes to mesh surrogate mother even compared to wire one that gives it food
strange behaviors later in life - rocking, aggression, atypical sexuality
“motherless mothers” - negligent or aggressive
caregiver = food, safety, warmth, love, affection

Question 7

secure attachment

Answer 7

children
 - can separate from parent
 - seeks comfort from parent
 - return of parent met positively
 - prefers parents to strangers
adults
 - have trusting, lasting relationships
 - trend towards good self-esteem
 - comfortable sharing feelings
 - seek out social support

Question 8

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 8

worked with Bowlby
assessment of attachment
“strange situation” - 8 episodes

Question 9

Jean Piaget

Answer 9

theory of intelligence - adaptation to one’s environment, balance between needs and demands
cognition moves us past action into symbolic though
schemes, assimilation, accommodation

Question 10

sensorimotor period

Answer 10

birth to 2 years

Question 11

0-1 mo

Answer 11

exercising reflexes:
reflex activity
sensorimotor

Question 12

1-4 mo

Answer 12

primary circular reactions:
activities with own body repeated
coordination

Question 13

4-8 mo

Answer 13

secondary circular reactions:
actions to make interests persist
involve events or actions

Question 14

8-12 mo

Answer 14

coordination of sensory schemes:
combining schemes to obtain goal
(dangerous scheme)

Question 15

12-18 mo

Answer 15

tertiary circular reactions:
trial and error
goal seeking for novel results

Question 16

18-24 mo

Answer 16

intention of new means through mental combination:

representational thought begins

Question 17

pre-operational period

Answer 17

2-7 years

acquire language and symbolic functions

Question 18

Vygotsky

Answer 18

play promotes understanding and symbolic thought

Question 19

sensorimotor play

Answer 19

banging objects
combining objects to create relationship
relational activities
symbolic or pretend play

Question 20

information processing

Answer 20

habituation (focus)
novelty preference
memory
reaction times
anticipation of patterns
problem solving

Question 21

Hidden object stages

Answer 21

6 mo - retrieve partially hidden
9 mo - search for item totally hidden
2 yr - find toy displaced from original hiding place

Question 22

object permanence

Answer 22

piaget, sensorimotor
differentiation of self from objects
see self as capable of intentional actions
realize that things continue to exist when no longer sensed

Question 23

receptive communication - auditory acuity

Answer 23

from birth

• respond to a voice
• respond to/discriminate sounds
• localize a sound (from first 6 mo)

Question 24

receptive communication - speech patterns

Answer 24

by 1 year - rhythms of native language - discriminate patterns of sound - melodies

Question 25

receptive communication - comprehension

Answer 25

response to words and short phrases (by 9 mo) 50 words by first year (ex: protodeclaritive pointing by 1 yr 4 mo)

Question 26

expressive communications - early vocalizations

Answer 26

``` cooing - by 2 mo babbling - 3-4 mo 4-5 mo - vowels and consonants chains of sounds - 7-8 mo different syllables - 10 mo ```

Question 27

expressive communication - speaking

Answer 27

speaking usually follows comprehension by 1 mo objects by 1 yr between 1-2 yrs, for ea new word produced, five new words are comprehended at 50-100 words, begin two-word combos - by 2 yrs by 3 yrs - simple sentences

Question 28

expressive communication - gestures

Answer 28

nonverbal communication by 1 yr

Question 29

language video examples

Answer 29

body parts - 1 yr 9 mo counting - 2 yr 4 mo clean up - 3 yr opposites - 3 yr 2 mo

Question 30

sensorimotor - first foods

Answer 30

negative experience, need to learn to coordinate eating

Question 31

control of eye movements

Answer 31

focus and tracking, more rapid by 2-3 mo

Question 32

gross to fine motor - reaching and grasping

Answer 32

pre-reaching declines between 1-4 mo intentional reaching/grasping (whole hand) - 3-4 mo successful reaching/transfer hands - by 5 mo voluntary release - 6 mo pincer grasp - by 1 yr drawing - about 2 yrs?

Question 33

gross motor milestones

Answer 33

``` rolling - 5 mo sitting - 6 mo cruising furniture - 7 mo crawling - 8 mo (and days later, pull to stand) first steps - 1 yr tricycle - 3 yrs ```

Question 34

social-emotional - 3 mo

Answer 34

growing self-regulation and interest in the world - can be comforted and direct attention - sensory and emotional reactions organize

Question 35

social-emotional - 5 mo

Answer 35

engage in relationships | - display positive emotion, engagement, satisfaction toward others

Question 36

social-emotional - 9 mo

Answer 36

use emotions in interactive, purposeful manner | - communicate with others using motor acts

Question 37

social-emotional - 14 mo

Answer 37

use a series of interactive emotional signals or gestures to communicate

Question 38

social-emotional - 18 mo

Answer 38

use signals to solve problems

Question 39

toilet readiness

Answer 39

1 yr 9 mo

Question 40

social-emotional - 24 mo

Answer 40

use symbols or ideas to convey feelings

Question 41

social-emotional - 30 mo

Answer 41

use symbols or ideas to convey more than basic needs

Question 42

social-emotional - 42 mo

Answer 42

create logical bridges between emotions and ideas

Question 43

video - pretend play

Answer 43

2+ yrs

Question 44

video - empathy

Answer 44

3 yrs

Question 45

Erik Erikson

Answer 45

Trust vs Mistrust | Autonomy vs Shame

Question 46

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 46

infancy, 1-2 yrs leads to virtue of hope parental nurturing, primary event = feeding sense of basic trust in world and ability to affect events around - consistency of caregiving - sense of securing when feeling threatened failure -> lack of confidence in world and in self

Question 47

Autonomy vs Shame

Answer 47

toddlerhood, 18 mo-2 or 3 yrs leading to virtue of will ability to do things independently, primary event = toilet training sense of self-control, personal control over environment - bodily functions, eating, play/toys, clothing - feelings of secure confidence, separateness failure -> feelings of inadequateness, self-doubt