Infection

Question 1

Amino glycosides

Answer 1

antibiotic; gentamicin

• interfere w/ steps involved in protein synthesis

Contraindications: loop diuretics (ototoxicity), other antibiotics (nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity)

Adverse Effects:
Seizures, Hypotension, Nephrotoxicity (this risk is greater if the client already has decreased renal function), Ototoxicity

Question 2

cephalosporins

Answer 2

antibiotic; cefazolin (first-gen), ceftriaxone (third-gen)

• bactericidal
• interfere w/ cell-wall building ability of bacteria when they divide; die to osmotic pressure

Contraindications: aminoglycosides (nephrotoxicity), warfarin (increased bleeding), phenytoin (decrease effectiveness)

Adverse Effects: anorexia, abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, dizziness, paresthesia, candidiasis, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

• Penicillin allergic = cephalosporin allergic

Question 3

fluoroquinolones

Answer 3

• glucose

antibiotic; levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

• interfere w/ DNA synthesis for cell wall
• broad spectrum; gram-positive/negative

Contraindications: SJS, antacids (interfere with GI absorption), other drugs may alter glucose levels

Adverse effects: insomnia, Candidiasis, Seizure, Hypoglycemia, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Photosensitivity, Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

Question 4

sulfonamides

Answer 4

antibiotic; sulfamethoxazole

• prevent cells from synthesizing folic acid
• broad spectrum, bactericidal

Contraindications: digoxin toxicity, warfarin (increased bleeding), oral antidiabetic meds (hypoglycemia), St. John’s Wort

Adverse effects: Insomnia, Hallucinations, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Thrombocytopenia (low platelets), photosensitivity

Question 5

tetracyclines

Answer 5

antibiotic; doxycycline, tetracycline

“calcium”

• bacteriostatic
• inhibit protein synthesis

Contraindications: milk/dairy (increase GI absorption, calcium), decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives, antacids (decrease GI absorption)

adverse effects: hallucinations, damage and staining to bones/teeth, photosensitivity, oral candidiasis (oral infection), thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
- also used for acne

Question 6

penicillin

Answer 6

antibiotic; amoxicillin (aminopenicillin)

• interfere with biosynthesis of pathogen cell wall
• bactericidal, selective toxicity

contraindications: aminoglycosides (inactivation of aminoglycoside), decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives,

adverse effects: SJS

Question 7

antiviral (influenza agent)

Answer 7

oseltamivir

• inhibits neuraminidase; viral enzyme that helps w release of viral particles that spread to other cells
• slows spread of virus to other cells

Contraindications: neuraminidase inhibitors (affect efficacy of vaccine)

Adverse effects: nausea, vomiting, headache

Question 8

fluconazole

Answer 8

Azole Antifungal

• bind to sterols and cause cell death or interfere w/ cell replication
• blocks the activity of sterol in fungal wall; may block human steroids (test. and cortisol)

Contraindications: increased serum levels of warfarin

Adverse Effects: alter taste

Question 9

nystatin

Answer 9

other antifungal

• binds to sterols in cell wall; changes membrane permeability and allows leaking of cellular components

Adverse effects: changes in kidney/liver function, bone marrow suppression, rash

Question 10

antimalarial

Answer 10

chloroquine

• interact w/ DNA and inhibit parasite enzymes

Contraindications: drugs that prolong QTI, photosensitivity

Adverse Effects: Agitation, seizures, hypotension, Blurred vision, Ototoxicity-tinnitus, abdominal pain or bleeding, Thrombocytopenia

Question 11

cephalosporin generations

Answer 11

• Gen-Number Increase: medication more likely to reach CS fluid, less susceptible to destruction, more effective against gram-positive