Infection

Question 1

uk optometrist

catergroies for drug supplies

Answer 1

EL
AS
SP
IP

Question 2

aim of treatment

Answer 2

to eradicate the infecting organism by killing the pathogen (known as the prokaryote)
or by stopping its spreading
to facilitate the action of the body’s own defense mechanisms.
smallest adverse effect on the host (known as the eukaryote).
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting; could give antibacterial eye drops or an eye ointment
A poor response might indicate viral or allergic conjunctivitis.

Question 3

common cause of bacterial conjuctivits

Answer 3

gram-positive agents: Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 4

common gram-negative bacterium

Answer 4

Haemophilus influenzae which which is usually the causative agent in children.

Question 5

basic principles

Answer 5

Aim of treatment: self limiting?
Likely causative organism: bacteria/ fungal/virus/ parisites/ helmithics
Site of infection: Adequate concentration of the agent is needed - normally via topical instillation (either eye drops, gels or ointment) – on the surface of the eye and depends on the infecting organism.
The terms minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) or minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are used to specify the concentrations.
Formulation: for the optometrist this is normally restricted to ophthalmic formulations such as eye drops, gels and ointments although special formulations may be required to be taken orally or by intraocular injections to treat certain conditions (e.g. fungal conditions).
Patient tolerability: principally concerns allergy to the generic agent or to preservatives in eye drops.
Licensed indications: certain anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agents may not be licensed for use in all age groups and contraindicated in particular situations or in particular combination.
Patient factors: use of a bacteriostatic agent implies that the patient’s immune system is fully operational – if it is suppressed (as in e.g. renal or hepatic impairment) then bacteriocidal therapy may be indicated.

Question 6

Antibacterial:

Answer 6

 cell wall e.g. penicillins

 plasma membrane e.g. polymyxins

 protein synthesis e.g. aminoglycosides

 nucleotide metabolism e.g. sulphonamides 
 bacterial genome e.g. fluoroqulnolnq