Infection

Question 1

What are the French pox?

Answer 1

Syphilis = sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

Question 2

What congenital syphilis?

Answer 2

syphilis present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with syphilis

Question 3

What is the aetiology of English sweating sickness?

Answer 3

unknown

Question 4

Outline the germ theory

Answer 4

states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms:

heat with no exposure = no bacteria,
heat with exposure = bacteria present

Question 5

Describe kochs postulates

Answer 5

The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease. The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture. The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host

Question 6

Which disease was the first vaccine developed from?

Answer 6

Small pox

Question 7

What is poliomyelitis?

Answer 7

Acute infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis

Question 8

Give an example of a parasite that affects human behaviour

Answer 8

Guinea worm = site of infection warm making human put the area is water, worm about to burst out finishing its reproductive cycle

Question 9

Who discovered that first antibiotic and what was it?

Answer 9

Alexander Fleming = penicillium

Question 10

What bacterial infection can cause peptic ulceration and gastric cancer?

Answer 10

helicobacter pylori

Question 11

Describe HPV

Answer 11

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact, causes cervical cancer

Question 12

What virus lowers the T cell count?

Answer 12

HIV

Question 13

What is the transmission route of Ebola?

Answer 13

spread through contact with infected body fluids

Question 14

Define infection

Answer 14

invasion of a host tissue by micro-organisms

Question 15

What is disease caused by?

Answer 15

multiplication, toxins, host response

Question 16

Where can infections come from?

Answer 16

Environment: water, food, air, surfaces.

Patient: translocation to new environment.

Indirect intermediate: insect.

Animals: zoonosis = rabies

Question 17

What are commensals?

Answer 17

microorganisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces, normally harmless or even beneficial, transferred to other sites can be harmful

Question 18

Give example of routes of transmission

Answer 18

surfaces, aerosol, droplets, vector (mosquito), fluid (sexual transmission)

Question 19

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission?

Answer 19

Horizontal transmission = contact (direct, indirect, vectors), inhalation (droplets, aerosols), ingestion (faecal-oral).

Vertical transmission = mother to child (before or at birth)

Question 20

What are the stages of a microorganism causing a disease?

Answer 20

exposure
adherence
invasion
multiplication
dissemination

Question 21

What determines the disease?

Answer 21

Pathogen = virulence factors, inoculum size, antimicrobial resistance.

Patient = site of infec, co-morbidities

Question 22

How do we know patients have infections?

Answer 22

Symptoms, potential exposure, examination, investigations