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Pathophysiology Exam 4 > Infection > Flashcards

Flashcards in Infection Deck (11)
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1
Q

Factors involved in Infection

A
Microbial adaptation and change
Changes in human behavior
Immigration
Overuse an misuse of antibiotic
International trade and travel
Climate
Agricultural practices
2
Q

Microbial adaptation and change

A

Feeding antibiotics to livestock has resulted in the detection of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance bacteria in the ground water and soil
Run-off during floods can contaminate waterways with antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria

3
Q

Antibiotics

A

As a result of the inappropriate use of antibiotics, about 70 percent of hospital-acquired infections are caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug.
Each year, about 14,000 hospitalized patients die from resistant pathogens such as MRSA and VRE

4
Q

HIV Risk factors

A

High risk sexual behaviors
Sharing of intravenous drug needles
Babies born to HIV+ women during birth or through breast feeding
Health care workers
Transfusion of blood or blood clotting factors (very rare in countries where blood is screened for HIV antibodies)

5
Q

HIV (The acute phase)

A

~2-4 weeks after exposure

Fever
Fatigue
Night sweats
Myalgias
Sore throat
GI problems
Lypmphadenopathy
Maculopapular rash
Headache
6
Q

HIV (The Latency period)

A

For 10 years, no signs or symptoms. May arise after 7-ish years

7
Q

Overt AIDS phase

A

CD4+ cell count < 200 or an AIDS-defining illness
Can lead to death in 2-3 years without treatment.

Opportunistic infections
Fever, diarrhea, weight loss, wasting syndrome, generalized lymphadenopathy, multiple opportunistic infections, & secondary neoplasms

8
Q

Clinical Manifestations of AIDS

A

CD4+ cells invaded
rapid replication occurs
1-4 weeks after exposure, of infected individuals develop flu-like symptoms
The immune response fights back with killer T-cells (CD8+) and B-cell produced antibodies
Clinical latency ~10yrs

9
Q

Opportunistic infections – The Late Stage

A
Some include:
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Oral/esophageal/Vaginal candidiasis
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ulcers
Genital warts (HPV)
Malignancy (sarcoma)
10
Q

AIDS Diagnosis

A
ELISA: screening
The Western Blot
PCR
CD4 Cell Count
Viral Load 
Rapid HIV Testing
Ora Quick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test: Reactive or Positive
11
Q

AIDS Treatment

A

HAART – Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Reduces the viral load
Multiple classes of antiretroviral drug therapy
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors