Infection 9 Vaccines

Question 1

Immunisation deintinon

Answer 1

Process of redoing a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease

Question 2

Ways a person can be immunised

Answer 2

Naturally acquired - B cells
Artificially induced - vaccinations

Question 3

Vaccination defintion

Answer 3

Process of stimulating productive captive immunity against a microbe by exposure to its not pathogenic forms (vaccine)

Question 4

Vaccine defintion

Answer 4

Live attenuated, killed organism or microbial components (protein, modified toxins or RNA) five or prevention of infectious disease

Question 5

How can vaccines been given as a therapy?
Example

Answer 5

A form of post exposure prophylaxis rolling exposure to a pathogen known to cause disease
e.g. HIV

Question 6

What are the types of immunity?

Answer 6

Active - natural + artificial
Passive - natural + artificial

Question 7

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 7

The body’s natural response to an infection
e.g. chickenpox

Question 8

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 8

Vaccinations - before exposure

Question 9

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 9

Antibodies transferred
e.g. mother to baby in placenta or breast milk

Question 10

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 10

Antibodies given as therapies - after exposure

Question 11

Difference between active and assigned immuntiy

Answer 11

Active - long term protection - makes memory cells
Passive - short term protection - no memory cells

Question 12

Types of vaccine

Answer 12

Live attenuated virus
Live attenuated bacteria
Inactivated virus
Inactivated toxin (toxoids)
Subunit/conjugate

Question 13

Examples of live attenuated virus vaccines

Answer 13

Rotavirus
Influenza
MMR
Varicella zoster virus

Question 14

Examples of live attenuated bacteria vaccines

Answer 14

BCG strain of mycobacterium bovis

Question 15

Examples of inactivated virus vaccines

Answer 15

Hepatitis A
Influenza
Poliomyelitis
Rabies

Question 16

Examples of inactivated toxin vaccines

Answer 16

Tetanus
Diphtheria

Question 17

Examples of subunit/conjugate vaccines

Answer 17

Hepatitis B
Haemophilia influenza type B
Meningococcal
Puenomoccal

Question 18

Advantages of live vaccines

Answer 18

Single or fever doses
Good level of protection
Reproduce natural infection

Question 19

Disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 19

Storage issues
Reversion to virulent wild viruses

Question 20

Advantages of unactivated vaccines

Answer 20

Safe
Stable
No mutation of reversion

Question 21

Why should live vaccines not be given to immunocompromised patients?

Answer 21

Due to the possibility of reversion back to the virulent wild (unsafe) virus

Question 22

Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

Answer 22

Multiple doses + boosters needed
Less effective than live vaccines
Variable efficacy
High conc. needed

Question 23

Target population for active immunisation

Question 24

Routes of vaccine administration

Answer 24

Oral vaccine
Nasal spray vaccine
Injectable - deltoid
- anterolateral aspect of thigh < 1 year

Question 25

Describe the rotavirus vaccine

Answer 25

Live attenuated virus Orally

Question 26

Describe the influenza vaccine

Answer 26

Live attenuated virus Nasal spray

Question 27

IM vaccine meaning

Answer 27

Intramuscular

Question 28

SC vaccine meaning

Answer 28

Subcutaneous

Question 29

ID vaccine meaning

Answer 29

Intradermal

Question 30

Mechanism of active immunisation

Question 31

Goals of active immunity

Answer 31

Long lasting immune protection Herd immunity

Question 32

What are the components of long lasting immune production?

Answer 32

Protective antibody - IgA, IgG Vaccine specific T cell response Immunological memory to allow quicker and more effective production of antibodies

Question 33

Importance of herd immunity

Answer 33

- Reduces or abolishes circulation of athogen - Protect immunocompromised patients who can’t have vaccines - Protects the poor responders to vaccines

Question 34

Herd immunity definition

Answer 34

Indirect protection from an infectious disease that can happen when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through past infections

Question 35

Absolute contraindications of active immunisation

Answer 35

Previous serious reactions to vaccines Anaphylaxis Fever > 38.5°C

Question 36

Special considerations when administering vaccines

Answer 36

- No live vaccine for pregnant women or babies whose mother had immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy - Any allergie to egg, gelatin, antibiotics?

Question 37

Who shouldn’t be given live vaccines?

Answer 37

- Pregnant women - <6 months since chemo or radiotherapy - Have had bone marrow transplant - Have received or are receiving high dose of immunosuppressive therapy in < 3 months - Babies whose mothers had immunosuppressive therapy during pregnancy

Question 38

Common adverse effects of vaccines

Answer 38

Local reactions Rash Fever Headache

Question 39

Rare adverse effects of accines

Answer 39

Anaphylaxis

Question 40

False contraindications to routine vaccines

Answer 40

Food intolerances Prematurity Breastfeeding Underweight Egg allergy + MMR vaccine