Infection and Immunity Quiz

Question 1

Signs of disease

Answer 1

Something that is found during an examination of the body that shows that someone might have a condition or disease.

Question 2

Public health

Answer 2

Recognizing the health of the population as a whole and involving the government to provide care for everyone (free healthcare in Canada).

Question 3

Preventative medicine

Answer 3

The practice of promoting preventative healthcare to benefit the well-being of the patient. The goal: is to prevent disease and disabilities.

Question 4

Integrative Health

Answer 4

An approach to medical care and complementary procedures to help the patient as a whole. It aims for well-coordinated care among different institutions to get the best results based on the diagnosis of the patient.

Question 5

Complementary and alternative medicine

Answer 5

Any action/practice to add to therapy and give positive health effects (not a part of medical care) → on the side like massage, tai chi etc.

Question 6

Symptoms of disease

Answer 6

Something that a person feels will determine a possible disease or condition.
reason/condition.

Question 7

Syndromes

Answer 7

Refers to a group of symptoms that may produce many symptoms without a recognized cause.

Question 8

Therapy

Answer 8

A method of caring for someone and treating them based on a diagnosis that is given.

Question 9

Prognosis

Answer 9

The probable reasoning for a disease or condition. After a disease is found, someone will provide a prognosis that predicts the future steps, treatment and details on the disease.

Question 10

Reservoirs:

Answer 10

one or more epidemiologically connected populations/environments where the pathogen can be permanently maintained (where infection is transmitted to define target population)
can be living or nonliving sites.

Question 11

Nonliving:

Answer 11

can include soil and water in the environment (may naturally harbour that organism because it may grow in that environment)

Question 12

Passive carrier

Answer 12

contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host (it is not infected)
Example: health care professional who fails to wash hands after seeing a patient harbouring an infectious agent could become a passive carrier (they will then transmit the pathogen to another patient who then becomes infected)

Question 13

Active carrier:

Answer 13

an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others who can be an additional host. Active carriers may/may not exhibit signs of despise (asymptomatic carriers)

Question 14

Indirect contact transmission:

Answer 14

a form of contact transmission that can also spread through indirect contact when in proximity of an infected person’s environment/personal belongings

Question 15

Definitive host:

Answer 15

the parasite’s preferred host (the host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity.

Question 16

Intermediate host:

Answer 16

many can be affected by parasites where they will go through several immature life cycle stages/reproduce asexually

Question 17

Contact Transmission:

Answer 17

when someone infected has bodily contact with an uninfected person, passing the parasite or disease from one person to another.
Person-to-person: shared through touching, kissing, physical contact, and droplet sprays between two people (a form of direct contact transmission)

Question 18

Vertical direct contact:

Answer 18

pathogens are transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding

Question 19

Horizontal direct contact:

Answer 19

mucous membrane contact for entry of pathogen to new host or from skin-to-skin contact.

Question 20

Transmission:

Answer 20

the transfer or spread of a disease from one host to another
must occur for an infection to spread, regardless of the reservoir. The individual will then have to transmit the infectious agent to other susceptible individuals (indirectly or directly)

Question 21

Formites:

Answer 21

inanimate objects that become contaminated by pathogens from an infected individual/reservoir.

Question 22

Vehicle Transmission:

Answer 22

the transmission of a pathogen through a contaminated source
Examples: food, medication, intravenous fluid, and equipment that transmits induction to multiple hosts. (can result in a big outbreak)
Water/Food/Airborne transmission

Question 23

Vector transmission:

Answer 23

can be mechanical or biological → when an animal (arthropod: jointed-leg organism) carries the disease from one host to another.

Question 24

Mechanical transmission:

Answer 24

from mechanical vector(an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another→ not infected itself)

Question 25

Biological transmission:

Answer 25

happens when the vector uptakes the agent → when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen Examples: can be through a blood meal from an infected animal → regurgitated pathogen into a susceptible animal Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes = common biological vectors of disease

Question 26

Healthcare-associated (Nosocomial) Infections:

Answer 26

infections that one can receive while in a healthcare facility (could occur after a procedure or surgery) → take preventative infection efforts to prevent this

Question 27

Give some reasons why HAIs occur.

Answer 27

These are infections that patients get while or soon after receiving health care. The most common reason is through bacteria or many microorganisms during the insertion of a medical device. This could result in an infection in the person affected.

Question 28

Quarantine:

Answer 28

if an individual is suspected to have been exposed to a contagious pathogen, they may be quarantined to prevent the transmission to others. (contains an incubation period)

Question 29

List some nonliving reservoirs for pathogens.

Answer 29

soil and water in the environment → may naturally harbour the organisms since they could have grown in the environment

Question 30

Explain the difference between a passive and active carrier.

Answer 30

Passive: a passive carrier is a host that is contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host (it is not infected) Active: an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others who can be an additional host. Active carriers may/may not exhibit signs of despise (asymptomatic carriers)

Question 31

Describe how diseases can be transmitted through the air.

Answer 31

Disease can be transmitted through air when someone is speaking as there could be viruses and bacteria from the small respiratory droplets. → these droplets could also be caused when someone sneezes, coughs, laughs or exhales in some way to put the disease into the airborne environment.

Question 32

Differentiate between droplet vehicle transmission and airborne transmission.

Answer 32

The difference between these two transmissions is the size of the droplets that are being released and how these particles react in the environment. For example, airborne particles are tiny and can stay in the air for a long time to travel long distances. They are also easy to breathe in Droplets are larger when someone sneezes or coughs, meaning that the larger droplets with land on surfaces quickly.

Question 33

Explain the difference between a mechanical vector and a biological vector.

Answer 33

Mechanical: when organisms, such as flies, can pick up an infectious agent on the outside of their bodies and spread it through their physical contact with another organism. Biological: when a vector, like a mosquito, carries pathogens that can multiply within their bodies and be delivered to the host.

Question 34

Microbiology

Answer 34

small, not visible to the naked eye Bio: life -logy: study of (study of life that is not visible to the naked eye)

Question 35

-bacterio / -bacter

Answer 35

Bacteria

Question 36

vir(o)- / -vir / -virus

Answer 36

virus; relating to virus

Question 37

-phage

Answer 37

Virus

Question 38

Myc(o)- / Mycet(o)-

Answer 38

fungus/fungi

Question 39

Entero-

Answer 39

Intestines

Question 40

Pneumo-

Answer 40

Air;lung

Question 41

Rhabdo-

Answer 41

Striated (muscle)

Question 42

Adeno-

Answer 42

Relating to a gland

Question 43

Gono-

Answer 43

Reproductive (or reproductive system)

Question 44

Meningo-

Answer 44

Meninges (in the central nervous system)

Question 45

Pico

Answer 45

“Pico RNA” → small RNA

Question 46

Crypto:

Answer 46

Hidden

Question 47

Oncorna-

Answer 47

“Onco RNA” → cancer RNA

Question 48

Myxo-

Answer 48

Mucus

Question 49

Parvo-

Answer 49

Small

Question 50

Retro-

Answer 50

Backward (ex. HIV virus)

Question 51

Staphylo-

Answer 51

cluster of grapes

Question 52

Strep/strepo-

Answer 52

chain

Question 53

Vibrio-

Answer 53

Curved rod

Question 54

Spirochete-

Answer 54

Spiral shaped bacteria

Question 55

Spirillum-

Answer 55

Spiral

Question 56

Clostr-

Answer 56

Spindle

Question 57

Echino-

Answer 57

spine/like; prickle-shaped

Question 58

Actino-

Answer 58

Ray-like processes

Question 59

-bacillus/ -bacilli

Answer 59

Rod-shaped

Question 60

-coccus/ -cocci

Answer 60

round/spherical

Question 61

Diplo-

Answer 61

double/two/paired

Question 62

-pyogenes

Answer 62

Pus-forming

Question 63

Lacto-

Answer 63

Relating to lactic acid/lactose

Question 64

Areo-

Answer 64

Air

Question 65

Sporo-

Answer 65

Spore formation

Question 66

Streptobacillus:

Answer 66

Strepto= chain - bacillus = rod-shaped Chain of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria

Question 67

Onychomycosis:

Answer 67

Onycho= nail (finger) -myc(o) = funhus - osis abnormal condition Abnormal condition of nail fungus (fungal infection of the nail)

Question 68

Staphylococci

Answer 68

staphylo= cluster of grapes -cocci= round/spherical shape bacteria (plural) Round /spherical gram-positive bacteria groups in clusters

Question 69

Pneumococcus

Answer 69

pneumo= air;lung -coccus = round/spherical shape bacterium Round-shaped bacterium that infects the lung

Question 70

Bacteriophage

Answer 70

bacterio= bacteria;relating to bacteria -phage= virus Bacteria virus; bacteria infecting virus

Question 71

Adenovirus

Answer 71

adeno= gland; relating to glands virus= virus “Gland virus” ; virus that infects of is related to infection of glands

Question 72

Ase →

Answer 72

Enzyme

Question 73

Osteo -

Answer 73

relating to the bones

Question 74

Inter -

Answer 74

between to parts of the body

Question 75

Entero -

Answer 75

intestines

Question 76

Cyte →

Answer 76

cell

Question 77

Intra -

Answer 77

inside

Question 78

Oma →

Answer 78

tumor, mass

Question 79

Pneumo -

Answer 79

air; lung

Question 80

Uria -->

Answer 80

urine condition

Question 81

Iso -

Answer 81

uniformity/similarity Costco - rib

Question 82

Anti -

Answer 82

opposite/against

Question 83

Ectromy →

Answer 83

surgical removal

Question 84

Itis →

Answer 84

inflammation

Question 85

Trans -

Answer 85

across/over

Question 86

Cysto -

Answer 86

urinary bladder/cyst

Question 87

Peri -

Answer 87

surrounding/around

Question 88

Emia →

Answer 88

blood condition

Question 89

Adeno -

Answer 89

relating to a gland

Question 90

Hepato -

Answer 90

liver

Question 91

Brady -

Answer 91

slowness

Question 92

Blast →

Answer 92

Immature, early-stage cell

Question 93

Phagia →

Answer 93

eating/ingestion

Question 94

Cardio -

Answer 94

heart

Question 95

Poly -

Answer 95

many/multiple

Question 96

Nephro -

Answer 96

relating to kidneys

Question 97

Dys -

Answer 97

abnormal/painful

Question 98

Chondro -

Answer 98

cartilage

Question 99

Lysis →

Answer 99

decomposition, dissolving

Question 100

Stasis →

Answer 100

control/stop

Question 101

Endo -

Answer 101

within/inner/absorbing

Question 102

Centesis →

Answer 102

surgical puncture to remove fluid

Question 103

Gastro -

Answer 103

stomach

Question 104

Myo -

Answer 104

relationship to muscle

Question 105

Dispsia →

Answer 105

thirst

Question 106

Hemo -

Answer 106

blood

Question 107

Vaso -

Answer 107

vessel (blood)

Question 108

Pnea →

Answer 108

breath

Question 109

Hyper -

Answer 109

excessive

Question 110

Plasia →

Answer 110

formation/growth

Question 111

Tachy -

Answer 111

fast/rapid

Question 112

Pathy →

Answer 112

disease

Question 113

Ecto -

Answer 113

outer/outside

Question 114

Tomy →

Answer 114

incision

Question 115

Ole →

Answer 115

small opening

Question 116

Hypo -

Answer 116

beneath/below

Question 117

Cranial

Answer 117

Top of skull (cranium game)

Question 118

Occipital

Answer 118

Back of skull (occuput this region on pillow)

Question 119

Carpal

Answer 119

Wrist and proximal hand (driving a carrr with wrist and hand)

Question 120

Pollex

Answer 120

Thumb (voting in poll, yes or no)

Question 121

Buccal

Answer 121

Cheeks (buccals bagels in buccals)

Question 122

Oral

Answer 122

Anything with the mouth (ooooo sound)

Question 123

Digital

Answer 123

Fingers and toes (these digits to enter phone digits)

Question 124

Crural

Answer 124

Shin (lumberjack with huge shins) → rural area rhymes

Question 125

Scapular

Answer 125

Shoulder blade (scap-like stab. Stab with blade of the shoulder)

Question 126

Cervical

Answer 126

Neck (twist neck to surf up in nemo)

Question 127

Popliteal

Answer 127

Posterior knee (back of knee) (hold pop tart back there)

Question 128

Thoracic

Answer 128

Upper back or body (buff back in thor)

Question 129

Otic

Answer 129

Ear (au-tic or oh-tick, never know what it sounded like)

Question 130

Lumbar

Answer 130

Lower back (both start with l)

Question 131

Femoral

Answer 131

Anterior thigh (think of where femur is)

Question 132

Frontal

Answer 132

Forehead

Question 133

Patellar

Answer 133

Kneecap (pat knee)

Question 134

Surae

Answer 134

Calf muscles (excited kid using calves to stand on tippy toes to say sure)

Question 135

Dorsal

Answer 135

Mid back between shoulder blades (dorsal fin on whale)

Question 136

Tarsal

Answer 136

Proximal foot → top of foot and ankle area

Question 137

Costal

Answer 137

Rib cage (ribs no matter the cost)

Question 138

Pedal

Answer 138

Whole foot (ped or pod) → feet (need feet to pedal a bicycle)

Question 139

Sternal

Answer 139

Middle of chest right where sternum is (higher masculine guy with a stern look on his face, beating chest right in middle)

Question 140

Hallux

Answer 140

Big toe (walk through the hall in the middle of the night on tippy toes)

Question 141

Brachial

Answer 141

Upper arm (big brachial muscles to break things)

Question 142

Antebrachial / cubital

Answer 142

Forearm

Question 143

Axillary

Answer 143

Armpits (both start with a)